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{{Infobox Officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
|name          = Rupiah Banda
|name          = Rupiah Banda
|image        = Rupiah Banda.jpg
|image        = Rupiah Banda 2010-11-18.jpg
|office        = 4th [[List of Presidents of Zambia|President of Zambia]]
|caption      = Banda in 2010
|office        = 4th [[President of Zambia]]
|vicepresident = [[George Kunda]]
|vicepresident = [[George Kunda]]
|term_start    = 29 June 2008
|term_start    = 19 August 2008
|term_end      = 23 September 2011<br>{{small|[[Acting (law)|Acting]]: 29 June 2008 – 2 November 2008}}
|term_end      = 23 September 2011
|predecessor  = [[Levy Mwanawasa]]
|predecessor  = [[Levy Mwanawasa]]  
|successor    = [[Michael Sata]]
|successor    = [[Michael Sata]]
|office1      = [[List of Vice Presidents of Zambia|Vice President of Zambia]]
|office1      = 10th [[Vice-President of Zambia]]
|president1    = [[Levy Mwanawasa]]
|president1    = [[Levy Mwanawasa]]
|term_start1  = 9 October 2006  
|term_start1  = 9 October 2006  
Line 15: Line 16:
|successor1    = [[George Kunda]]
|successor1    = [[George Kunda]]
|birth_name    = Rupiah Bwezani Banda
|birth_name    = Rupiah Bwezani Banda
|birth_date    = {{birth date and age|1937|2|13|df=y}}
|birth_date    = {{birth date|1937|2|19|df=y}}
|birth_place  = [[Gwanda]], [[Southern Rhodesia]]<br>{{small|(now [[Zimbabwe]])}}
|birth_place  = [[Gwanda]], [[Southern Rhodesia]]
|death_date    =  
|death_date    = {{death date and age|2022|3|11|1937|2|19|df=y}}
|death_place   =  
|death_place  = [[Lusaka]], Zambia
|death_cause   = [[Colorectal cancer]]
|party        = [[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy]]
|party        = [[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy]]
|spouse        = Hope Mwansa Makulu {{small|(Deceased)}}<br />
|spouse        = {{unbulleted list
[[Thandiwe Banda]]
| {{Marriage|Hope Mwansa Makulu|1966|2000|end=died}}
| [[Thandiwe Banda]]}}
|children      = 7
|children      = 7
|alma_mater    = [[Addis Ababa University]]<br>[[Lund University]]<br>[[Wolfson College, Cambridge]]
|alma_mater    = [[Addis Ababa University]]<br />[[Lund University]]<br />[[Wolfson College, Cambridge]]
|religion      = [[Anglicanism]]<ref>[http://www.banda4zambia.com/press/news/viewnews.cgi?category=5&id=1225092565 ]{{dead link|date=June 2011}}</ref>
|nickname=RB}}
}}
'''Rupiah Bwezani Banda''' (19 February 1937 – 11 March 2022) was a Zambian politician who served as the fourth [[president of Zambia]] from 2008 to 2011, taking over from [[Levy Mwanawasa]], who died as the sitting president. Banda was an active participant in politics from early in the presidency of [[Kenneth Kaunda]], during which time he held several diplomatic posts.
'''Rupiah Bwezani Banda''' (born 13 February 1937) is a [[Zambia]]n politician who was [[President of Zambia]] from 2008 to 2011.


During the Presidency of [[Kenneth Kaunda]], Banda held important diplomatic posts and was active in politics as a member of the [[United National Independence Party]] (UNIP). Years later, he was appointed as [[Vice-President of Zambia|Vice-President]] by President [[Levy Mwanawasa]] in October 2006, following the latter's [[Zambian presidential election, 2006|re-election]].<ref name=Shapi>Shapi Shacinda, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=qw1160400961250B251 "Mwanawasa warns challenger, names new cabinet"], Reuters (''IOL''), October 9, 2006.</ref> He took over Mwanawasa's presidential responsibilities after Mwanawasa suffered a stroke in June 2008,<ref name=VOA>James Butty, [http://voanews.com/english/archive/2008-07/2008-07-01-voa8.cfm?CFID=61434207&CFTOKEN=25482061 "Zambian President Has Had a History of Hypertension, Says Information Minister"], VOA News, July 2, 2008.</ref> and following Mwanawasa's death in August 2008, he became acting President. As the candidate of the governing [[Movement for Multiparty Democracy]] (MMD), he narrowly won the [[Zambian presidential election, 2008|October 2008 presidential election]], according to official results.<ref name=Sworn>[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=84&art_id=nw20081102170239312C293933 "Zambia: Banda sworn in, riots spread"], Sapa-DPA (''IOL''), November 2, 2008.</ref>
In October 2006, he was appointed the vice-president by Mwanawasa. After Mwanawasa suffered a stroke in June 2008 and died later that year, he became acting president. During the [[2008 Zambian presidential election|2008 elections]], he narrowly won against opposition leader [[Michael Sata]] of the [[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|Patriotic Front]]. He was later defeated in the [[2011 Zambian general election|2011 election]] and succeeded by Sata.


Opposition leader [[Michael Sata]] defeated Banda in the [[Zambian general election, 2011|September 2011 presidential election]], and Sata accordingly succeeded Banda as President on 23 September 2011.<ref name=Defeat>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-09/23/c_131155939.htm Sata wins Zambia 2011 presidential election]</ref>
==Early life ==
Banda was born in the town of Miko, [[Gwanda]], [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now [[Zimbabwe]]); his parents had come from [[Northern Rhodesia]] to find employment prior to his birth, and he was sponsored by a local [[Dutch Reformed Church]] preacher (and later, the family of B. R. Naik, a family of Indian origin) to continue his education into adulthood.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I Am Overwhelmed By the Appointment, Says Banda|url=https://www.webrtcworld.com/news/2006/10/10/1964172.htm|access-date=16 August 2021|website=www.webrtcworld.com}}</ref> He became involved in politics when he joined the youth wing of the UNIP in 1960.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RB visits birth place in Zimbabwe|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2009/05/01/rb-visits-birth-place-in-zimbabwe/|website=Lusaka Times|date=1 May 2009|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> Banda was one of the notable alumni of [[Rusangu University]], Zambia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.africanbusinessreview.co.za/business_leaders/president-rupiah-banda-awarded-honorary-doctorate|title=President Rupiah Banda Awarded Honorary Doctorate|date=5 May 2013|publisher=African Business Review|accessdate=12 March 2022}}</ref>


==Early life and diplomacy==
== Diplomacy ==
Banda was born in the town of Miko, [[Gwanda]], [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now [[Zimbabwe]]); his parents had come from [[Northern Rhodesia]] to find employment prior to his birth, and he was sponsored by a local Dutch Reformed Church preacher (and later, the family of [[B. R. Naik]]) to continue his education into adulthood. He became involved in politics when he joined the youth wing of the UNIP in 1960.
Rupiah Banda was the UNIP's representative in Northern Europe in the early 1960s<ref name="Over">[http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/2006/10/10/1964172.htm "I Am Overwhelmed By the Appointment, Says Banda"], ''Sunday Post'' (tmcnet.com), 10 October 2006.</ref> and in 1965 he was appointed Zambia's [[Ambassador]] to [[Egypt]] (the [[United Arab Republic]]). While there, he became friends with [[UNITA]] leader [[Jonas Savimbi]], and the decision to allow UNITA to open offices in [[Lusaka]] at that time has been attributed to Banda's influence.<ref name="dates">Sellstr̀eom, Tor. ''Sweden and National Liberation in Southern Africa'', 2002. Page 404.</ref> Banda became Ambassador to the [[United States]] on 7 April 1967.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lxUgAAAAMAAJ&q=%22rupiah+banda%22&dq=%22rupiah+banda%22&pgis=1 Diplomatic List, 1967], U.S. Department of State.</ref>


He was the UNIP's representative in Northern Europe in the early 1960s,<ref name=Over>[http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/2006/10/10/1964172.htm "I Am Overwhelmed By the Appointment, Says Banda"], ''Sunday Post'' (tmcnet.com), October 10, 2006.</ref> and in 1965 he was appointed as Zambia's Ambassador to [[Egypt]] (the [[United Arab Republic]]). While there, he became friends with [[UNITA]] leader [[Jonas Savimbi]], and the decision to allow UNITA to open offices in [[Lusaka]] at that time has been attributed to Banda's influence.<ref name="dates">Sellstr̀eom, Tor. ''Sweden and National Liberation in Southern Africa'', 2002. Page 404.</ref> Banda became Ambassador to the [[United States]] on April 7, 1967.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=lxUgAAAAMAAJ&q=%22rupiah+banda%22&dq=%22rupiah+banda%22&pgis=1 Diplomatic List, 1967], U.S. Department of State.</ref> He served as Ambassador to the U.S. for about two years, then returned to Zambia to serve as Chief Executive of the Rural Development Corporation for about two years and subsequently as General Manager of the National Agriculture Marketing Board for a similar length of time. He was then appointed as [[Permanent Representative]] to the [[United Nations]], and while in this position he also headed the U.N. Council for [[Namibia]]. After about a year at the U.N., he was appointed to the Zambian Cabinet as Minister of Foreign Affairs.<ref name=Over/> During his brief stint as Foreign Minister (1975–1976<ref>[http://www.statehouse.gov.zm/index.php/about-state-house/the-president President Rupiah Bwezani Banda]. Statehouse.gov.zm (2009-12-16). Retrieved on 2011-06-21.</ref>), Banda was occupied by the task of attempting to broker a cease-fire in [[Angola]].<ref name=Over/>
He served as Ambassador to the U.S. for about two years, then returned to Zambia to serve as Chief Executive of the Rural Development Corporation for about two years and subsequently as General Manager of the National Agriculture Marketing Board for a similar length of time.


Banda married his first wife, Hope Mwansa Makulu, in 1966 and the couple had three sons together. Hope Mwansa Banda (born August 29, 1941), died in [[South Africa]] on October 11, 2000.<ref name=lusakatimes/> She was buried in Leopards Hill Cemetery.<ref name=lusakatimes>{{cite news|first=|last=|title=President Banda pays tribute to late wife  |url=http://www.lusakatimes.com/2011/05/07/president-banda-pays-tribute-late-wife/ |work=[[Lusaka Times]] |publisher= |date=2011-05-07|accessdate=2013-09-12}}</ref> His second wife, Thandiwe Banda,  a political science teacher, is more than thirty years younger than Banda.<ref name=post>{{cite news|first=|last=|title=Thandiwe narrates how she married Rupiah  |url=http://www.postzambia.com/post-read_article.php?articleId=9419 |work=[[The Post (Zambia)]] |publisher= |date=2010-05-21|accessdate=2013-09-12}}</ref><ref name=zz>{{cite news|first=|last=|title=‘I cant divorce Thandiwe i love her’ Niwenye Tyala Balankula says Rupiah Banda  |url=http://zibanizambia.com/2012/08/21/i-cant-divorce-thandiwe-i-love-her-niwenye-tyala-balankula-says-rupiah-banda/ |work=Zibani Zambia |publisher= |date=2012-08-21|accessdate=2013-09-12}}</ref> Thandiwe Banda served as th [[First Lady of Zambia]] during his presidency from 2008 to 2011.  In addition to his sons with his first wife, Hope Mwansa Banda, Banda also has two sons from previous relationships and a set of fraternal twins from his current marriage to Thandiwe Banda.
He was then appointed [[Zambian Permanent Representative to the Headquarters of the United Nations|Permanent Representative]] to the [[United Nations]], and while in this position he also headed the U.N. Council for [[Namibia]].<ref name="DW-Obit" /> After about a year at the U.N., he was appointed to the Zambian Cabinet as Minister of Foreign Affairs.<ref name="Over" /> During his brief stint as Foreign Minister (1975–1976<ref name="statehouse.gov.zm">{{cite web |url=http://www.statehouse.gov.zm/index.php/about-state-house/the-president |title=President Rupiah Bwezani Banda |website=State House |publisher=The President of the Republic of Zambia |access-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717182100/http://www.statehouse.gov.zm/index.php/about-state-house/the-president |archive-date=17 July 2011 |language=en |format=web.archive.org |date=26 January 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>), Banda was occupied by the task of attempting to broker a cease-fire in [[Angola]].<ref name="Over" />


==Politics==
==Politics==
Banda was elected as a [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Munali]] Constituency in 1978 and lost the seat to Mr. Simeon Kampata in 1983. Although he was defeated in the 1988 election, he took the issue to court. He also served for a time as Minister of State for Mines.<ref name=Over/>
Banda was elected as a [[Member of Parliament]] for the [[Munali]] Constituency in 1978 and lost the seat to Simeon Kampata in 1983. Although he was defeated in the 1988 election, he took the issue to court. He also served for a time as Minister of State for Mines.<ref name=Over/>


In 1991, he was defeated in Munali Constituency by Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) candidate [[Ronald Penza]]. Although he initially intended to run again for the seat in the 1996 election, he supported the UNIP's boycott of the election.<ref name=Over/>
In 1991, he was defeated in the Munali Constituency by the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) candidate [[Ronald Penza]]. Although he initially intended to run again for the seat in the 1996 election, he supported the UNIP's boycott of the election.<ref name=Over/>


After President Mwanawasa was re-elected in September 2006, he appointed Banda as Vice-President on October 9, 2006 along with a new cabinet. He later joined the MMD after his appointment.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7600831.stm "Zambian VP to lead ruling party"], BBC News, September 5, 2008.</ref> Banda's appointment was widely viewed as a means of rewarding eastern Zambians for supporting the MMD in the election, as this was the first time that easterners had done so.<ref name=Shapi/>
After President Mwanawasa was re-elected in September 2006, he appointed Banda vice-president on 9 October 2006, along with a new cabinet. Following his appointment he subsequently joined the MMD.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7600831.stm "Zambian VP to lead ruling party"], BBC News, 5 September 2008.</ref> Banda's appointment was widely viewed as a means of rewarding eastern Zambians for supporting the MMD in the election, as this was the first time that easterners had done so.<ref name="IOL20061009">{{cite news |first1=Shapi |last1=Shacinda |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/mwanawasa-warns-challenger-names-new-cabinet-296898 |title=Mwanawasa warns challenger, names new cabinet |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]] |agency=www.iol.co.za |date=9 October 2006 |language=en}}</ref>


Prior to a planned summit of the [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) in August 2007, Banda was sent by Mwanawasa to improve relations with neighboring [[Zimbabwe]] following Mwanawasa's criticism of Zimbabwean President [[Robert Mugabe]].<ref>[http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=nw20070801220450289C873939 "Zambian leader 'wants to make up with Mugabe'"], AFP (''IOL''), August 1, 2007.</ref>
Prior to a planned summit of the [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) in August 2007, Banda was sent by Mwanawasa to improve relations with neighboring [[Zimbabwe]] following Mwanawasa's criticism of Zimbabwean President [[Robert Mugabe]].<ref name="IOL20070801">{{cite news |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/zambian-leader-wants-to-make-up-with-mugabe-364497 |title=Zambian leader 'wants to make up with Mugabe' |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=www.iol.co.za |date=1 August 2007 |language=en}}</ref>


==As acting president==
==Presidency==
After Mwanawasa suffered a stroke while attending an [[African Union]] summit in Egypt on June 29, 2008, Banda became acting President.<ref name=VOA/> He subsequently delivered a series of optimistic but vague updates on Mwanawasa's health. These updates were greeted with widespread skepticism, but Banda insisted that he had "no reason to lie".<ref>[http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=nw20080725114637910C642354 "Mwanawasa's condition 'promising'"], Sapa-AFP (''IOL''), July 25, 2008.</ref>
===Acting capacity===
[[File:Presidente Lula recebe o presidente da Zâmbia, Rupiah Bwezani Banda.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Banda with [[President of Brazil]] [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] in 2010]]
[[File:Rupia Banda - World Economic Forum on Africa 2010 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Banda at the 2010 [[World Economic Forum]]]]
After Mwanawasa suffered a stroke while attending an [[African Union]] summit in Egypt on 29 June 2008, Banda became acting president.<ref name="VOA">James Butty, [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20081116111609/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2008%2D07/2008%2D07%2D01%2Dvoa8.cfm "Zambian President Has Had a History of Hypertension, Says Information Minister"], VOA News, 2 July 2008.</ref> He subsequently delivered a series of optimistic but vague updates on Mwanawasa's health. These updates were greeted with widespread skepticism, but Banda insisted that he had "no reason to lie".<ref name="IOL20080725">{{cite news |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/mwanawasas-condition-promising-409831 |title=Mwanawasa's condition 'promising' |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=www.iol.co.za |agency=Sapa-AFP |date=25 July 2008 |language=en}}</ref>


As Vice-President, Banda also acted as the leader of government business in the National Assembly; however, when the National Assembly met on August 5, 2008, following Mwanawasa's stroke, Banda appointed the Minister of Defense, [[George Mpombo]], to lead the government's parliamentary business instead.<ref>[http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=84&art_id=nw20080805180547484C318403 "Zambian parliament meets"], Sapa-Associated Press (''IOL''), August 5, 2008.</ref>
As Vice-President, Banda also acted as the leader of government business in the [[National Assembly (Zambia)|National Assembly]]; however, when the National Assembly met on 5 August 2008, following Mwanawasa's stroke, Banda appointed the Minister of Defense, [[George Mpombo]], to lead the government's parliamentary business instead.<ref name="IOL20080805">{{cite news |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/zambian-parliament-meets-411215 |title=Zambian parliament meets |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=www.iol.co.za |agency=Sapa-Associated Press |date=5 August 2008 |language=en}}</ref>


Mwanawasa never recovered from his stroke and died while still hospitalized in Paris on August 19, 2008. Expressing "immense grief and deep sorrow", Banda announced his death to the nation and declared a seven-day period of national mourning, urging Zambians to "remain calm and mourn our President with dignity".<ref>[http://www.statehouse.gov.zm/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=414&Itemid=47 "STATEMENT BY HIS HONOUR THE VICE PRESIDENT, MR. RUPIAH BANDA, MP., ON THE DEATH OF THE PRESIDENT"], Zambian Presidency website, 18 August 2008.</ref> Banda officially took over as acting President prior to a new presidential election, which according to the constitution should be called within 90 days of Mwanawasa's death.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/reuters/2008/08/20/europe/OUKWD-UK-ZAMBIA-PRESIDENT.php "Zambian VP takes charge"], Reuters (''International Herald Tribune''), August 20, 2008.</ref>
Mwanawasa never recovered from his stroke and died while still hospitalized in Paris on 19 August 2008. Expressing "immense grief and deep sorrow", Banda announced his death to the nation and declared a seven-day period of national mourning, urging Zambians to "remain calm and mourn our President with dignity".<ref>[http://www.statehouse.gov.zm/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=414&Itemid=47 "STATEMENT BY HIS HONOUR THE VICE PRESIDENT, MR. RUPIAH BANDA, MP., ON THE DEATH OF THE PRESIDENT"], Zambian Presidency website, 18 August 2008.</ref> Banda officially took over as acting president prior to a new presidential election, which according to the constitution should be called within 90 days of Mwanawasa's death.<ref name="Reuters20080820">{{cite news |last1=Shacinda |first1=Shapi |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-president-idUSLK26649420080820 |title=Zambian VP takes charge, will call fresh polls |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Reuters |date=20 August 2008 |language=en}}</ref>


<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Rupiah Banda being sworn President of Zambia CROP.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Pres. Banda being sworn in.]] -->
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Rupiah Banda being sworn President of Zambia CROP.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Pres. Banda being sworn in.]] -->
Banda filed an application to stand as the candidate of the MMD on August 26, 2008. On the same day, the MMD in Eastern Province released a statement in support of Banda's candidacy.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200808270497.html "Four File for Presidency"], ''The Times of Zambia'', Ndola (allAfrica.com), August 27, 2008.</ref> The MMD National Executive Committee chose Banda as the party's presidential candidate in a secret ballot on September 5. He had been widely expected to win, and he received 47 votes against 11 for [[Ngandu Magande]], the Minister of Finance. On this occasion, Banda promised to "unite the party and the entire nation" and to "continue implementing [Mwanawasa's] programs".<ref>[http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=nw20080905174022655C441736 "Zambia's ruling party picks candidate"], Sapa-AFP (''IOL''), September 5, 2008.</ref>
Banda filed an application to stand as the candidate of the MMD on 26 August 2008.<ref name=cand/> On the same day, the MMD in Eastern Province released a statement in support of Banda's candidacy.<ref name=cand>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200808270497.html "Four File for Presidency"], ''The Times of Zambia'', Ndola (allAfrica.com), 27 August 2008.</ref> He had been widely expected to win, and he received 47 votes against 11 for [[Ng'andu Peter Magande|Ng'andu Magande]], the Minister of Finance. On this occasion, Banda promised to "unite the party and the entire nation" and to "continue implementing [Mwanawasa's] programs".<ref name="IOL20080905">{{cite news |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/zambias-ruling-party-picks-candidate-415346 |title=Zambia's ruling party picks candidate |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=www.iol.co.za |agency=Sapa-AFP |date=5 September 2008 |language=en}}</ref>
 
Initial results showed Banda's main challenger, [[Michael Sata]] of the [[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|Patriotic Front]] (PF), in the lead, but as votes from rural areas were counted, Banda steadily closed the gap and ultimately overtook Sata.<ref name=bbc2013>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15034127|title=Zambia election: Banda accepts defeat to Michael Sata|work=BBC News|date=23 September 2011|accessdate=12 March 2022}}</ref> Final results on 2 November showed Banda with 40% of the vote against 38% for Sata.<ref name=bbc2013/> Banda was sworn in at State House on the same day, using his speech on the occasion to call for unity; the PF alleged fraud and refused to recognize Banda's victory, while Sata's supporters rioted in [[Lusaka]] and [[Kitwe]].<ref name="Sworn">{{cite news |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/zambia-banda-sworn-in-riots-spread-422780 |title=Zambia: Banda sworn in, riots spread |agency=Sapa-DPA |work=IOL |date=2 November 2008 |access-date=12 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>


The presidential by-election was held on October 30. Initial results showed Banda's main challenger, [[Michael Sata]] of the [[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|Patriotic Front]] (PF), in the lead, but as votes from rural areas were counted, Banda steadily closed the gap and ultimately overtook Sata. Final results on November 2 showed Banda with 40% of the vote against 38% for Sata. Banda was sworn in at State House on the same day, using his speech on the occasion to call for unity. The PF alleged fraud and refused to recognize Banda's victory, while Sata's supporters rioted in [[Lusaka]] and [[Kitwe]].<ref name="Sworn"/>
===Re-election and defeat===
As President, Rupiah Banda was focused on economic development, traveling abroad to promote Zambian trade to other world leaders. In December 2010 he traveled to Egypt to meet with President [[Hosni Mubarak]].<ref>[http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/2881/Business/Economy/Zambia-eyes-Egyptian-investment.aspx Zambia eyes Egyptian investment – Economy – Business – Ahram Online]. English.ahram.org.eg (30 December 2010). Retrieved on 21 June 2011.</ref>


==Presidency==
In mid-2009 it was announced that the MMD National Executive Committee had chosen Banda as the party's candidate for the [[2011 Zambian presidential election|2011 presidential election]]. Some criticized this, arguing that the nomination process should be open to other candidates; Mpombo, the Defense Minister, resigned from his post in July 2009 while criticizing the process as undemocratic. President Banda subsequently welcomed others to challenge him for the nomination at the MMD Conventions taking place across the country.<ref name="LusakaTimes20110110">{{cite news |title=I'm ready to be challenged, says Banda |url=http://www.lusakatimes.com/2011/01/10/im-ready-challenged-banda/ |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Lusaka Times |date=10 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080745/http://www.lusakatimes.com/2011/01/10/im-ready-challenged-banda/ |archive-date=13 January 2011 |format=web.archive.org |url-status=dead }}</ref>
As President, Rupiah Banda was focused on economic development, travelling abroad to promote Zambian trade to other world leaders. In December 2010 he travelled to Egypt to meet with President Hosni Mubarak.<ref>[http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/2881/Business/Economy/Zambia-eyes-Egyptian-investment.aspx Zambia eyes Egyptian investment – Economy – Business – Ahram Online]. English.ahram.org.eg (2010-12-30). Retrieved on 2011-06-21.</ref>


In mid-2009 it was announced that the MMD National Executive Committee had chosen Banda as the party's candidate for the [[Zambian presidential election, 2011|2011 presidential election]]. Some criticized this, arguing that the nomination process should be open to other candidates; Mpombo, the Defense Minister, resigned from his post in July 2009 while criticizing the process as undemocratic. President Banda has since welcomed others to challenge him for the nomination at the MMC Conventions taking place across the country.<ref>[http://www.lusakatimes.com/2011/01/10/im-ready-challenged-banda/ ] {{wayback|url=http://www.lusakatimes.com/2011/01/10/im-ready-challenged-banda/ |date=20110113080745 }}</ref>
After taking office, Banda dismantled much of the anti-corruption effort put into place by his predecessor, Mwanawasa.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bearak|first=Barry|title=Frederick Chiluba, Former President of Zambia, Dies at 68|work=The New York Times|date=20 June 2011|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/20/world/africa/20chiluba.html}}</ref>


After taking office, Banda dismantled much of the anticorruption effort put into place by his predecessor, Mwanawasa.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bearak|first=Barry|title=Frederick Chiluba, Former President of Zambia, Dies at 68|work=The New York Times|date=20 June 2011|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/20/world/africa/20chiluba.html}}</ref>
[[Michael Sata]], leader of the opposition Patriotic Front, defeated Banda in the [[2011 Zambian general election|September 2011 presidential election]], ending his three-year presidency.<ref name="Reuters20110923">{{cite news |last1=Mfula |first1=Chris |last2=Dzirutwe |first2=MacDonald |title=Zambia's "King Cobra" Sata sworn in as president |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-election-idUSTRE78M4HY20110923 |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Reuters |date=23 September 2011 |language=en}}</ref>


Banda's Special Assistant for Press and Public Relations was [[Dickson Jere]].
==Later life==
[[File:Rupiah Banda in 2021.jpg|thumb|right|Banda in 2021 with U.S ambassador [[David Young (diplomat)|David Young]].]]
On 15 March 2013, Banda became the second head of state in Zambian history to have his presidential immunity revoked.<ref name=immunity>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-banda-prosecution/zambia-strips-ex-president-of-immunity-from-prosecution-idUSBRE92E0WA20130315|title=Zambia strips ex-president of immunity from prosecution|date=15 March 2013|work=Reuters|accessdate=12 March 2022}}</ref> This was due to accusations of abuse of authority, corruption, and the misappropriation of oil revenue by Sata.<ref name=immunity/>
==Death==
Banda died at home in Lusaka from [[colon cancer]] on 11 March 2022, at the age of 85.<ref name="DW-Obit">{{cite news |title=Zambia's ex-President Rupiah Banda dead at 85 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/zambias-ex-president-rupiah-banda-dead-at-85/a-61104379 |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=DW.com |date=11 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 2022 |title=Zambia's former president Rupiah Banda dies aged 85 |language=en |work=National Post/Reuters |url=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/zambias-former-president-rupiah-banda-dies-aged-85 |access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="Reuters-Obit">{{cite news |last1=Mfula |first1=Chris |title=Zambia's former president Rupiah Banda dies aged 85 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/zambias-former-president-rupiah-banda-dies-aged-85-2022-03-11/ |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Reuters |date=12 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-11/rupiah-banda-who-ruled-zambia-for-three-years-dies-at-85|title = Rupiah Banda, Who Ruled Zambia for Three Years, Dies at 85|newspaper = Bloomberg.com|date = 11 March 2022}}</ref> After his death, the Zambian government announced seven days of national mourning with flags half-masted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/rupiah-banda-hakainde-hichilema-zambia-africa-political-activism-8857ddbfed4f8e56893f5f359338b896|title = Zambia declares mourning after the death of former president|website = [[Associated Press]]|date = 14 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2022/03/12/zambia-declares-seven-days-national-mourning-in-honour-of-the-late-fourth-president/|title=Zambia : Zambia declares seven days national mourning in honour of the late Fourth President|date=12 March 2022}}</ref> and [[Namibia]] announced three days of mourning.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2022/03/17/namibia-declares-3-day-national-mourning-for-rb/|title=Zambia : Namibia declares 3 day national mourning for RB|date=17 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apanews.net/en/news/namibia-declares-mourning-period-for-late-zambian-leader|title = Namibia declares mourning period for late Zambian leader}}</ref>


==Defeat and Immunity Removal==
== Family ==
[[Michael Sata]], leader of the opposition Patriotic Front, defeated Bwezani Banda in the [[Zambian general election, 2011|September 2011 presidential election]], ending his three-year presidency.<ref name=Defeat/>
Rupiah Banda married his first wife, Hope Mwansa Makulu (29 August 1941 – 11 October 2000), in 1966 and the couple had three sons together.<ref name=lusakatimes/> Makulu died in [[South Africa]], at the age of 59.<ref name=lusakatimes/> She was buried in Leopards Hill Cemetery.<ref name=lusakatimes>{{cite news|title=President Banda pays tribute to late wife  |url=http://www.lusakatimes.com/2011/05/07/president-banda-pays-tribute-late-wife/ |work=[[Lusaka Times]] |date=7 May 2011|access-date=12 September 2013}}</ref>


On the 15th March 2013, Banda became the second head of state in Zambian history to have his presidential immunity removed. This was due to accusations of abuse of authority, corruption and the misappropriation of oil revenue.<ref>http://www.mwebantu.com/2013/03/15/rupiah-banda-loses-immunity-from-prosecution/</ref>
His second wife, [[Thandiwe Banda]],  a political science teacher, was more than thirty years younger than Banda.<ref name=post>{{cite news|title=Thandiwe narrates how she married Rupiah|url=http://www.postzambia.com/post-read_article.php?articleId=9419|work=[[The Post (Zambia)]]|date=21 May 2010|access-date=12 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818055620/http://www.postzambia.com/post-read_article.php?articleId=9419|archive-date=18 August 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=zz>{{cite news|title='I cant divorce Thandiwe i love her' Niwenye Tyala Balankula says Rupiah Banda|url=http://zibanizambia.com/2012/08/21/i-cant-divorce-thandiwe-i-love-her-niwenye-tyala-balankula-says-rupiah-banda/|work=Zibani Zambia|date=21 August 2012|access-date=12 September 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130913044200/http://zibanizambia.com/2012/08/21/i-cant-divorce-thandiwe-i-love-her-niwenye-tyala-balankula-says-rupiah-banda/|archive-date=13 September 2013}}</ref> Thandiwe Banda served as the [[First Lady of Zambia]] during his presidency from 2008 to 2011.<ref name=zz/>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{reflist}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://www.presidentbanda.com/ Campaign Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110128123501/http://presidentbanda.com/ Campaign Website]
* {{Wayback |date=20091027055628 |url=http://www.geocities.com/maiddie/bandar.html |title=2007 biography of Rupiah Banda from "Famous Zambians" Geocities website }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/maiddie/bandar.html |title=2007 biography of Rupiah Banda from 'Famous Zambians' Geocities website |access-date=19 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027055628/http://www.geocities.com/maiddie/bandar.html |archive-date=27 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}
* [http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/2006/10/10/1964172.htm Long interview with Rupiah Banda]
* [http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/2006/10/10/1964172.htm Long interview with Rupiah Banda]


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{{s-ttl|title=[[Vice President of Zambia]]|years=2006-2008}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Vice-President of Zambia]]|years=2006–2008}}
{{s-aft|after=[[George Kunda]]}}
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{{ZambianPresidents}}
{{ZambianVicePresidents}}
{{ZambianVicePresidents}}


[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Zambia to the United Arab Republic]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Zambia to the United Arab Republic]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Zambia to the United States]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Zambia to the United States]]

Latest revision as of 09:42, 16 January 2023

Rupiah Banda
Rupiah Banda 2010-11-18.jpg
Banda in 2010
4th President of Zambia
In office
19 August 2008 – 23 September 2011
Vice PresidentGeorge Kunda
Preceded byLevy Mwanawasa
Succeeded byMichael Sata
10th Vice-President of Zambia
In office
9 October 2006 – 2 November 2008
PresidentLevy Mwanawasa
Preceded byLupando Mwape
Succeeded byGeorge Kunda
Personal details
Born
Rupiah Bwezani Banda

(1937-02-19)19 February 1937
Gwanda, Southern Rhodesia
Died11 March 2022(2022-03-11) (aged 85)
Lusaka, Zambia
Cause of deathColorectal cancer
Political partyMovement for Multi-Party Democracy
Spouse(s)
Children7
Alma materAddis Ababa University
Lund University
Wolfson College, Cambridge
Nickname(s)RB

Rupiah Bwezani Banda (19 February 1937 – 11 March 2022) was a Zambian politician who served as the fourth president of Zambia from 2008 to 2011, taking over from Levy Mwanawasa, who died as the sitting president. Banda was an active participant in politics from early in the presidency of Kenneth Kaunda, during which time he held several diplomatic posts.

In October 2006, he was appointed the vice-president by Mwanawasa. After Mwanawasa suffered a stroke in June 2008 and died later that year, he became acting president. During the 2008 elections, he narrowly won against opposition leader Michael Sata of the Patriotic Front. He was later defeated in the 2011 election and succeeded by Sata.

Early life

Banda was born in the town of Miko, Gwanda, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe); his parents had come from Northern Rhodesia to find employment prior to his birth, and he was sponsored by a local Dutch Reformed Church preacher (and later, the family of B. R. Naik, a family of Indian origin) to continue his education into adulthood.[1] He became involved in politics when he joined the youth wing of the UNIP in 1960.[2] Banda was one of the notable alumni of Rusangu University, Zambia.[3]

Diplomacy

Rupiah Banda was the UNIP's representative in Northern Europe in the early 1960s[4] and in 1965 he was appointed Zambia's Ambassador to Egypt (the United Arab Republic). While there, he became friends with UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi, and the decision to allow UNITA to open offices in Lusaka at that time has been attributed to Banda's influence.[5] Banda became Ambassador to the United States on 7 April 1967.[6]

He served as Ambassador to the U.S. for about two years, then returned to Zambia to serve as Chief Executive of the Rural Development Corporation for about two years and subsequently as General Manager of the National Agriculture Marketing Board for a similar length of time.

He was then appointed Permanent Representative to the United Nations, and while in this position he also headed the U.N. Council for Namibia.[7] After about a year at the U.N., he was appointed to the Zambian Cabinet as Minister of Foreign Affairs.[4] During his brief stint as Foreign Minister (1975–1976[8]), Banda was occupied by the task of attempting to broker a cease-fire in Angola.[4]

Politics

Banda was elected as a Member of Parliament for the Munali Constituency in 1978 and lost the seat to Simeon Kampata in 1983. Although he was defeated in the 1988 election, he took the issue to court. He also served for a time as Minister of State for Mines.[4]

In 1991, he was defeated in the Munali Constituency by the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) candidate Ronald Penza. Although he initially intended to run again for the seat in the 1996 election, he supported the UNIP's boycott of the election.[4]

After President Mwanawasa was re-elected in September 2006, he appointed Banda vice-president on 9 October 2006, along with a new cabinet. Following his appointment he subsequently joined the MMD.[9] Banda's appointment was widely viewed as a means of rewarding eastern Zambians for supporting the MMD in the election, as this was the first time that easterners had done so.[10]

Prior to a planned summit of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) in August 2007, Banda was sent by Mwanawasa to improve relations with neighboring Zimbabwe following Mwanawasa's criticism of Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe.[11]

Presidency

Acting capacity

Banda with President of Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in 2010
Banda at the 2010 World Economic Forum

After Mwanawasa suffered a stroke while attending an African Union summit in Egypt on 29 June 2008, Banda became acting president.[12] He subsequently delivered a series of optimistic but vague updates on Mwanawasa's health. These updates were greeted with widespread skepticism, but Banda insisted that he had "no reason to lie".[13]

As Vice-President, Banda also acted as the leader of government business in the National Assembly; however, when the National Assembly met on 5 August 2008, following Mwanawasa's stroke, Banda appointed the Minister of Defense, George Mpombo, to lead the government's parliamentary business instead.[14]

Mwanawasa never recovered from his stroke and died while still hospitalized in Paris on 19 August 2008. Expressing "immense grief and deep sorrow", Banda announced his death to the nation and declared a seven-day period of national mourning, urging Zambians to "remain calm and mourn our President with dignity".[15] Banda officially took over as acting president prior to a new presidential election, which according to the constitution should be called within 90 days of Mwanawasa's death.[16]

Banda filed an application to stand as the candidate of the MMD on 26 August 2008.[17] On the same day, the MMD in Eastern Province released a statement in support of Banda's candidacy.[17] He had been widely expected to win, and he received 47 votes against 11 for Ng'andu Magande, the Minister of Finance. On this occasion, Banda promised to "unite the party and the entire nation" and to "continue implementing [Mwanawasa's] programs".[18]

Initial results showed Banda's main challenger, Michael Sata of the Patriotic Front (PF), in the lead, but as votes from rural areas were counted, Banda steadily closed the gap and ultimately overtook Sata.[19] Final results on 2 November showed Banda with 40% of the vote against 38% for Sata.[19] Banda was sworn in at State House on the same day, using his speech on the occasion to call for unity; the PF alleged fraud and refused to recognize Banda's victory, while Sata's supporters rioted in Lusaka and Kitwe.[20]

Re-election and defeat

As President, Rupiah Banda was focused on economic development, traveling abroad to promote Zambian trade to other world leaders. In December 2010 he traveled to Egypt to meet with President Hosni Mubarak.[21]

In mid-2009 it was announced that the MMD National Executive Committee had chosen Banda as the party's candidate for the 2011 presidential election. Some criticized this, arguing that the nomination process should be open to other candidates; Mpombo, the Defense Minister, resigned from his post in July 2009 while criticizing the process as undemocratic. President Banda subsequently welcomed others to challenge him for the nomination at the MMD Conventions taking place across the country.[22]

After taking office, Banda dismantled much of the anti-corruption effort put into place by his predecessor, Mwanawasa.[23]

Michael Sata, leader of the opposition Patriotic Front, defeated Banda in the September 2011 presidential election, ending his three-year presidency.[24]

Later life

Banda in 2021 with U.S ambassador David Young.

On 15 March 2013, Banda became the second head of state in Zambian history to have his presidential immunity revoked.[25] This was due to accusations of abuse of authority, corruption, and the misappropriation of oil revenue by Sata.[25]

Death

Banda died at home in Lusaka from colon cancer on 11 March 2022, at the age of 85.[7][26][27][28] After his death, the Zambian government announced seven days of national mourning with flags half-masted.[29][30] and Namibia announced three days of mourning.[31][32]

Family

Rupiah Banda married his first wife, Hope Mwansa Makulu (29 August 1941 – 11 October 2000), in 1966 and the couple had three sons together.[33] Makulu died in South Africa, at the age of 59.[33] She was buried in Leopards Hill Cemetery.[33]

His second wife, Thandiwe Banda, a political science teacher, was more than thirty years younger than Banda.[34][35] Thandiwe Banda served as the First Lady of Zambia during his presidency from 2008 to 2011.[35]

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  2. ↑ Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  3. ↑ Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "I Am Overwhelmed By the Appointment, Says Banda", Sunday Post (tmcnet.com), 10 October 2006.
  5. ↑ Sellstr̀eom, Tor. Sweden and National Liberation in Southern Africa, 2002. Page 404.
  6. ↑ Diplomatic List, 1967, U.S. Department of State.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  8. ↑ Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  9. ↑ "Zambian VP to lead ruling party", BBC News, 5 September 2008.
  10. ↑ Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  11. ↑ Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  12. ↑ James Butty, "Zambian President Has Had a History of Hypertension, Says Information Minister", VOA News, 2 July 2008.
  13. ↑ Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  14. ↑ Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  15. ↑ "STATEMENT BY HIS HONOUR THE VICE PRESIDENT, MR. RUPIAH BANDA, MP., ON THE DEATH OF THE PRESIDENT", Zambian Presidency website, 18 August 2008.
  16. ↑ Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Four File for Presidency", The Times of Zambia, Ndola (allAfrica.com), 27 August 2008.
  18. ↑ Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  20. ↑ Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  21. ↑ Zambia eyes Egyptian investment – Economy – Business – Ahram Online. English.ahram.org.eg (30 December 2010). Retrieved on 21 June 2011.
  22. ↑ Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  23. ↑ Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  24. ↑ Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  26. ↑ Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  27. ↑ Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  28. ↑ Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  29. ↑ Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  30. ↑ Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  31. ↑ Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  32. ↑ Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  34. ↑ Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Lua error in ...ribunto/includes/engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mwInit.lua at line 23: bad argument #1 to 'old_ipairs' (table expected, got nil).

External links

Political offices
Preceded by
Lupando Mwape 		Vice-President of Zambia
2006–2008 		Succeeded by
George Kunda
Preceded by
Levy Mwanawasa 		President of Zambia
2008–2011 		Succeeded by
Michael Sata
Retrieved from "http://www.chalochatu.org/index.php?title=Rupiah_Banda&oldid=28850"