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African bush elephant: Difference between revisions
From Chalo Chatu, Zambia online encyclopedia
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(Created page with "{{pp-move-indef}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}} {{speciesbox | name = African bush elephant<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Proboscidea | id = 11500009 | page = 91}}</ref> | status =...") |
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| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite journal | authors = Blanc, J. | title = ''Loxodonta africana'' | journal = IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2008 | page = e.T12392A3339343 | publisher = IUCN | year = 2008 | doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12392A3339343.en}}</ref> | | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite journal | authors = Blanc, J. | title = ''Loxodonta africana'' | journal = IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2008 | page = e.T12392A3339343 | publisher = IUCN | year = 2008 | doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12392A3339343.en}}</ref> | ||
| trend = unknown | | trend = unknown | ||
| image = | | image = Loxodonta africana (crossing the Zambezi).jpg | ||
| image_caption = A | | image_caption =A specimen seen crossing the Zambezi. | ||
| genus = Loxodonta | | genus = Loxodonta | ||
| species = africana | | species = africana | ||
| Line 54: | Line 54: | ||
== Species differences == | == Species differences == | ||
A 2010 genetic study confirmed the African bush elephant and the [[African forest elephant]] are distinct species.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Rohland | first1=Nadin | last2=Reich | first2=David | last3=Mallick | first3=Swapan | last4=Meyer | first4=Matthias | last5=Green | first5=Richard E. | last6=Georgiadis | first6=Nicholas J. | last7=Roca | first7=Alfred L. | last8=Hofreiter | first8=Michael | publication-date=December 2010 | title=Genomic DNA Sequences from Mastodon and Woolly Mammoth Reveal Deep Speciation of Forest and Savanna Elephants | periodical=PLoS Biology | volume=8 | issue=12 | page=e1000564 | url=http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564 | doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564 | year=2010 | editor1-last=Penny | editor1-first=David | postscript=.}}</ref> By [[DNA sequencing|sequencing DNA]] of 375 [[nuclear gene]]s, scientists determined the two species diverged around the same time as the [[Asian elephant]] and the [[woolly mammoth]], and are as distinct from one another as those two species are from each other.<ref>{{cite news | last=Steenhuysen | first=Julie | publication-date=22 December 2010 | title=Africa has two species of elephants, not one | periodical=Reuters | url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6BK6I920101222 | postscript=.}}</ref> {{As of|2010|December}}, conservation organizations, such as the [[United Nations Environment Programme]]'s [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre]] and the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN), had not distinguished between the two species of African elephants for purposes of assessing their conservation status. {{As of|2010|March}}, the [[IUCN Red List]] classified African elephants as a whole as [[vulnerable species]] and the Central African elephant population (forest elephants) as Endangered.<ref name=IUCN /> | A 2010 genetic study confirmed the African bush elephant and the [[African forest elephant]] are distinct species.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Rohland | first1=Nadin | last2=Reich | first2=David | last3=Mallick | first3=Swapan | last4=Meyer | first4=Matthias | last5=Green | first5=Richard E. | last6=Georgiadis | first6=Nicholas J. | last7=Roca | first7=Alfred L. | last8=Hofreiter | first8=Michael | publication-date=December 2010 | title=Genomic DNA Sequences from Mastodon and Woolly Mammoth Reveal Deep Speciation of Forest and Savanna Elephants | periodical=PLoS Biology | volume=8 | issue=12 | page=e1000564 | url=http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564 | doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564 | year=2010 | editor1-last=Penny | editor1-first=David | postscript=.}}</ref> By [[DNA sequencing|sequencing DNA]] of 375 [[nuclear gene]]s, scientists determined the two species diverged around the same time as the [[Asian elephant]] and the [[woolly mammoth]], and are as distinct from one another as those two species are from each other.<ref>{{cite news | last=Steenhuysen | first=Julie | publication-date=22 December 2010 | title=Africa has two species of elephants, not one | periodical=Reuters | url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6BK6I920101222 | postscript=.}}</ref> {{As of|2010|December}}, conservation organizations, such as the [[United Nations Environment Programme]]'s [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre]] and the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN), had not distinguished between the two species of African elephants for purposes of assessing their conservation status. {{As of|2010|March}}, the [[IUCN Red List]] classified African elephants as a whole as [[vulnerable species]] and the Central African elephant population (forest elephants) as Endangered.<ref name=IUCN />[[File:African Bush Elephant.jpg|thumb|A female African bush elephant, ''Loxodonta africana'', in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania]] | ||
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Another possible species or subspecies formerly existed; although formally described <ref>Nowak, Ronald M. (1999), ''Walker's Mammals of the World'', 6th edition, [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]] and [[London]]: The [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], pp 1002.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Yalden | first1 = D.W. | last2 = Largen | first2 = M.J. | last3 = Kock | first3 = D. | year = 1986 | title = Catalogue of the Mammals of Ethiopia.6. Perissodactyla, Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, Lagomorpha, Tubulidentata, Sirenia, and Cetacea | url = | journal = Italian J. Zool., Suppl | volume = 21 | issue = | pages = 31–103 }}</ref> it has not been widely recognized by the scientific community. The [[North African elephant]] (''L. a. pharaohensis''), also known as the Carthaginian elephant or Atlas elephant, was the animal famously used as a [[war elephant]] by [[Carthage]] in its many wars with [[Rome]]. | Another possible species or subspecies formerly existed; although formally described <ref>Nowak, Ronald M. (1999), ''Walker's Mammals of the World'', 6th edition, [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]] and [[London]]: The [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], pp 1002.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Yalden | first1 = D.W. | last2 = Largen | first2 = M.J. | last3 = Kock | first3 = D. | year = 1986 | title = Catalogue of the Mammals of Ethiopia.6. Perissodactyla, Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, Lagomorpha, Tubulidentata, Sirenia, and Cetacea | url = | journal = Italian J. Zool., Suppl | volume = 21 | issue = | pages = 31–103 }}</ref> it has not been widely recognized by the scientific community. The [[North African elephant]] (''L. a. pharaohensis''), also known as the Carthaginian elephant or Atlas elephant, was the animal famously used as a [[war elephant]] by [[Carthage]] in its many wars with [[Rome]]. | ||
