http://www.chalochatu.org/index.php?title=Lewanika&feed=atom&action=historyLewanika - Revision history2024-03-29T14:40:25ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.3http://www.chalochatu.org/index.php?title=Lewanika&diff=7416&oldid=prevIcem4k at 15:00, 2 August 20162016-08-02T15:00:02Z<p></p>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{Featured article}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Lewanika in Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|Lewanika photographed during his visit to Edinburgh in 1902]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Lewanika in Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|Lewanika photographed during his visit to Edinburgh in 1902]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Lewanika''' (1842–1916) (also known as '''Lubosi Lewanika''' or '''Lewanika I''') was the [[Lozi people|Lozi]] [[Litunga]] (king or paramount chief) of [[Barotseland]] from 1878 to 1916 (with a break in 1884-5).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Lewanika''' (1842–1916) (also known as '''Lubosi Lewanika''' or '''Lewanika I''') was the [[Lozi people|Lozi]] [[Litunga]] (king or paramount chief) of [[Barotseland]] from 1878 to 1916 (with a break in 1884-5).</div></td></tr>
</table>Icem4khttp://www.chalochatu.org/index.php?title=Lewanika&diff=6061&oldid=prevChalochatu: /* Biography */2016-07-15T11:06:15Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Biography</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lewanika brought Barotseland, now part of [[Zambia]], under British control in 1890, when he agreed with Cecil Rhodes for the region to become a protectorate under the British South Africa Company (BSAC). However, he felt deceived by the BSAC terms as they worked in practice, and he appealed, unsuccessfully, to the British Crown. Lewanika told Dr James Johnston how he had written to the British asking that his kingdom should be made a British Protectorate. He had waited years for a reply and then men had arrived with papers claiming that they had the power to make this happen. The King was reassured as the local missionary. Monsier Coillard, was his interpreter at the meeting and the King was reassured by Coillard's confidence in these men. Lewanika had been thankful that his wish had been granted and he had sent two enormous elephant ivory tusks as a present for Queen Victoria. Lewanika was incensed to find that the men were from a South African company and that the ivory tusks were not with Queen Victoria but as ornaments in the directors board room. Johnston assisted Lewanika in writing a letter of protest. Lewanika was to prove a great help to Johnston as he was able to command assistance for Johnston from nearby subordinate chiefs.<ref name=book>[https://archive.org/details/realityversusrom00john Reality versus romance in South Central Africa], Dr J Johnston, Archive.org, Retrieved 25 September 2015</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lewanika brought Barotseland, now part of [[Zambia]], under British control in 1890, when he agreed with Cecil Rhodes for the region to become a protectorate under the British South Africa Company (BSAC). However, he felt deceived by the BSAC terms as they worked in practice, and he appealed, unsuccessfully, to the British Crown. Lewanika told Dr James Johnston how he had written to the British asking that his kingdom should be made a British Protectorate. He had waited years for a reply and then men had arrived with papers claiming that they had the power to make this happen. The King was reassured as the local missionary. Monsier Coillard, was his interpreter at the meeting and the King was reassured by Coillard's confidence in these men. Lewanika had been thankful that his wish had been granted and he had sent two enormous elephant ivory tusks as a present for Queen Victoria. Lewanika was incensed to find that the men were from a South African company and that the ivory tusks were not with Queen Victoria but as ornaments in the directors board room. Johnston assisted Lewanika in writing a letter of protest. Lewanika was to prove a great help to Johnston as he was able to command assistance for Johnston from nearby subordinate chiefs.<ref name=book>[https://archive.org/details/realityversusrom00john Reality versus romance in South Central Africa], Dr J Johnston, Archive.org, Retrieved 25 September 2015</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1902, Lewanika visited London for the coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra, where he was treated with respect and had an audience with King Edward and an informal meeting with the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[George V of the United Kingdom|</del>Prince of Wales<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>. When asked what he would discuss with the British sovereign, he said "When we kings meet we always have plenty to talk about".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=75928&back= |title=Lewanika (c.1842–1916) |last1= Macmillan |first1=Hugh |last2= |first2= |date= |website=www.oxforddnb.com |publisher=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |accessdate=22 December 2013}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1902, Lewanika visited London for the coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra, where he was treated with respect and had an audience with King Edward and an informal meeting with the Prince of Wales. When asked what he would discuss with the British sovereign, he said "When we kings meet we always have plenty to talk about".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=75928&back= |title=Lewanika (c.1842–1916) |last1= Macmillan |first1=Hugh |last2= |first2= |date= |website=www.oxforddnb.com |publisher=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |accessdate=22 December 2013}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Family==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Family==</div></td></tr>
</table>Chalochatuhttp://www.chalochatu.org/index.php?title=Lewanika&diff=6060&oldid=prevChalochatu at 11:05, 15 July 20162016-07-15T11:05:19Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Lewanika in Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|Lewanika photographed during his visit to Edinburgh in 1902]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Lewanika in Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|Lewanika photographed during his visit to Edinburgh in 1902]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Lewanika''' (1842–1916) (also known as '''Lubosi Lewanika''' or '''Lewanika I''') was the [[Lozi people|Lozi]] [[Litunga]] (king or paramount chief) of [[Barotseland]] from 1878 to 1916 (with a break in 1884-5).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Lewanika''' (1842–1916) (also known as '''Lubosi Lewanika''' or '''Lewanika I''') was the [[Lozi people|Lozi]] [[Litunga]] (king or paramount chief) of [[Barotseland]] from 1878 to 1916 (with a break in 1884-5).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A detailed, although biased, description of King 'Lubossi' (the spelling used) can be found in the Portuguese explorer <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Alexandre de Serpa Pinto<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>'s 1878-1879 travel narrative ''Como eu atravessei a África'' (''How I Crossed Africa'', in English translation).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A detailed, although biased, description of King 'Lubossi' (the spelling used) can be found in the Portuguese explorer Alexandre de Serpa Pinto's 1878-1879 travel narrative ''Como eu atravessei a África'' (''How I Crossed Africa'', in English translation).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Biography ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Biography ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In December 1882 the missionary Frederick Stanley Arnot reached [[Lealui]], the capital of Barotseland, after traveling across the Kalahari Desert from Botswana. King Lewanika kept him for the next eighteen months, then allowed him to move on, but in a westward direction rather than eastward as he had planned.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In December 1882 the missionary Frederick Stanley Arnot reached [[Lealui]], the capital of Barotseland, after traveling across the Kalahari Desert from Botswana. King Lewanika kept him for the next eighteen months, then allowed him to move on, but in a westward direction rather than eastward as he had planned.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lewanika brought Barotseland, now part of [[Zambia]], under British control in 1890, when he agreed with Cecil Rhodes for the region to become a protectorate under the British South Africa Company (BSAC). However, he felt deceived by the BSAC terms as they worked in practice, and he appealed, unsuccessfully, to the British Crown. Lewanika told Dr James Johnston how he had written to the British asking that his kingdom should be made a British Protectorate. He had waited years for a reply and then men had arrived with papers claiming that they had the power to make this happen. The King was reassured as the local missionary. Monsier Coillard, was his interpreter at the meeting and the King was reassured by Coillard's confidence in these men. Lewanika had been thankful that his wish had been granted and he had sent two enormous elephant ivory tusks as a present for Queen Victoria. Lewanika was incensed to find that the men were from a South African company and that the ivory tusks were not with Queen Victoria but as ornaments in the directors board room. Johnston assisted Lewanika in writing a letter of protest. Lewanika was to prove a great help to Johnston as he was able to command assistance for Johnston from nearby subordinate chiefs.<ref name=book>[https://archive.org/details/realityversusrom00john Reality versus romance in South Central Africa], Dr J Johnston, Archive.org, Retrieved 25 September 2015</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lewanika brought Barotseland, now part of [[Zambia]], under British control in 1890, when he agreed with Cecil Rhodes for the region to become a protectorate under the British South Africa Company (BSAC). However, he felt deceived by the BSAC terms as they worked in practice, and he appealed, unsuccessfully, to the British Crown. Lewanika told Dr James Johnston how he had written to the British asking that his kingdom should be made a British Protectorate. He had waited years for a reply and then men had arrived with papers claiming that they had the power to make this happen. The King was reassured as the local missionary. Monsier Coillard, was his interpreter at the meeting and the King was reassured by Coillard's confidence in these men. Lewanika had been thankful that his wish had been granted and he had sent two enormous elephant ivory tusks as a present for Queen Victoria. Lewanika was incensed to find that the men were from a South African company and that the ivory tusks were not with Queen Victoria but as ornaments in the directors board room. Johnston assisted Lewanika in writing a letter of protest. Lewanika was to prove a great help to Johnston as he was able to command assistance for Johnston from nearby subordinate chiefs.<ref name=book>[https://archive.org/details/realityversusrom00john Reality versus romance in South Central Africa], Dr J Johnston, Archive.org, Retrieved 25 September 2015</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1902, Lewanika visited <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>London<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>for the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>, where he was treated with respect and had an audience with King Edward and an informal meeting with the [[George V of the United Kingdom|Prince of Wales]]. When asked what he would discuss with the British sovereign, he said "When we kings meet we always have plenty to talk about".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=75928&back= |title=Lewanika (c.1842–1916) |last1= Macmillan |first1=Hugh |last2= |first2= |date= |website=www.oxforddnb.com |publisher=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |accessdate=22 December 2013}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1902, Lewanika visited London for the coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra, where he was treated with respect and had an audience with King Edward and an informal meeting with the [[George V of the United Kingdom|Prince of Wales]]. When asked what he would discuss with the British sovereign, he said "When we kings meet we always have plenty to talk about".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=75928&back= |title=Lewanika (c.1842–1916) |last1= Macmillan |first1=Hugh |last2= |first2= |date= |website=www.oxforddnb.com |publisher=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |accessdate=22 December 2013}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Family==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Family==</div></td></tr>
</table>Chalochatuhttp://www.chalochatu.org/index.php?title=Lewanika&diff=6059&oldid=prevChalochatu at 11:00, 15 July 20162016-07-15T11:00:16Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:00, 15 July 2016</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A detailed, although biased, description of King 'Lubossi' (the spelling used) can be found in the Portuguese explorer [[Alexandre de Serpa Pinto]]'s 1878-1879 travel narrative ''Como eu atravessei a África'' (''How I Crossed Africa'', in English translation).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A detailed, although biased, description of King 'Lubossi' (the spelling used) can be found in the Portuguese explorer [[Alexandre de Serpa Pinto]]'s 1878-1879 travel narrative ''Como eu atravessei a África'' (''How I Crossed Africa'', in English translation).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Biography ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Biography ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In December 1882 the missionary <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Frederick Stanley Arnot<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>reached [[Lealui]], the capital of Barotseland, after traveling across the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Kalahari Desert<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>from Botswana. King Lewanika kept him for the next eighteen months, then allowed him to move on, but in a westward direction rather than eastward as he had planned.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In December 1882 the missionary Frederick Stanley Arnot reached [[Lealui]], the capital of Barotseland, after traveling across the Kalahari Desert from Botswana. King Lewanika kept him for the next eighteen months, then allowed him to move on, but in a westward direction rather than eastward as he had planned.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While detained, Arnot taught the king's children to read and undertook some evangelism.<ref>{{cite web</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While detained, Arnot taught the king's children to read and undertook some evangelism.<ref>{{cite web</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/demrepcongo/arnot_stanley.html</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/demrepcongo/arnot_stanley.html</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |year=2005</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |year=2005</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |first=Dr. J. Keir |last=Howard |accessdate=2011-12-14}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |first=Dr. J. Keir |last=Howard |accessdate=2011-12-14}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Arnot was present when Lewanika received a proposal from the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Matabele people|</del>Ndebele<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>for an alliance to resist the white men. Arnot may have helped Lewanika to see the advantages of a British protectorate in terms of the greater wealth and security it would provide.<ref>{{cite book</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Arnot was present when Lewanika received a proposal from the Ndebele for an alliance to resist the white men. Arnot may have helped Lewanika to see the advantages of a British protectorate in terms of the greater wealth and security it would provide.<ref>{{cite book</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=NRHPHin5Ro4C&pg=PA210 |page=210</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=NRHPHin5Ro4C&pg=PA210 |page=210</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |title=Crown and charter: the early years of the British South Africa Company</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |title=Crown and charter: the early years of the British South Africa Company</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |publisher=African Books Collective |year=2010 |ISBN=9982-24-052-8}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |publisher=African Books Collective |year=2010 |ISBN=9982-24-052-8}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lewanika brought Barotseland, now part of [[Zambia]], under <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|</del>British<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>control in 1890, when he agreed with <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Cecil Rhodes<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>for the region to become a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>protectorate<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>under the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>British South Africa Company<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>(BSAC). However, he felt deceived by the BSAC terms as they worked in practice, and he appealed, unsuccessfully, to the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>British Crown<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>. Lewanika told <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[James Johnston (missionary)|</del>Dr James Johnston<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>how he had written to the British asking that his kingdom should be made a British Protectorate. He had waited years for a reply and then men had arrived with papers claiming that they had the power to make this happen. The King was reassured as the local missionary. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[François Coillard|</del>Monsier Coillard<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>, was his interpreter at the meeting and the King was reassured by Coillard's confidence in these men. Lewanika had been thankful that his wish had been granted and he had sent two enormous elephant ivory tusks as a present for Queen Victoria. Lewanika was incensed to find that the men were from a South African company and that the ivory tusks were not with Queen Victoria but as ornaments in the directors board room. Johnston assisted Lewanika in writing a letter of protest. Lewanika was to prove a great help to Johnston as he was able to command assistance for Johnston from nearby subordinate chiefs.<ref name=book>[https://archive.org/details/realityversusrom00john Reality versus romance in South Central Africa], Dr J Johnston, Archive.org, Retrieved 25 September 2015</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lewanika brought Barotseland, now part of [[Zambia]], under British control in 1890, when he agreed with Cecil Rhodes for the region to become a protectorate under the British South Africa Company (BSAC). However, he felt deceived by the BSAC terms as they worked in practice, and he appealed, unsuccessfully, to the British Crown. Lewanika told Dr James Johnston how he had written to the British asking that his kingdom should be made a British Protectorate. He had waited years for a reply and then men had arrived with papers claiming that they had the power to make this happen. The King was reassured as the local missionary. Monsier Coillard, was his interpreter at the meeting and the King was reassured by Coillard's confidence in these men. Lewanika had been thankful that his wish had been granted and he had sent two enormous elephant ivory tusks as a present for Queen Victoria. Lewanika was incensed to find that the men were from a South African company and that the ivory tusks were not with Queen Victoria but as ornaments in the directors board room. Johnston assisted Lewanika in writing a letter of protest. Lewanika was to prove a great help to Johnston as he was able to command assistance for Johnston from nearby subordinate chiefs.<ref name=book>[https://archive.org/details/realityversusrom00john Reality versus romance in South Central Africa], Dr J Johnston, Archive.org, Retrieved 25 September 2015</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1902, Lewanika visited [[London]] for the [[coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra]], where he was treated with respect and had an audience with King Edward and an informal meeting with the [[George V of the United Kingdom|Prince of Wales]]. When asked what he would discuss with the British sovereign, he said "When we kings meet we always have plenty to talk about".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=75928&back= |title=Lewanika (c.1842–1916) |last1= Macmillan |first1=Hugh |last2= |first2= |date= |website=www.oxforddnb.com |publisher=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |accessdate=22 December 2013}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1902, Lewanika visited [[London]] for the [[coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra]], where he was treated with respect and had an audience with King Edward and an informal meeting with the [[George V of the United Kingdom|Prince of Wales]]. When asked what he would discuss with the British sovereign, he said "When we kings meet we always have plenty to talk about".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=75928&back= |title=Lewanika (c.1842–1916) |last1= Macmillan |first1=Hugh |last2= |first2= |date= |website=www.oxforddnb.com |publisher=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |accessdate=22 December 2013}}</ref></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lewanika's eldest son was named Litia, and succeeded as [[Yeta III]] on his father´s death. His third son Imwiko succeeded his brother in 1945, but died three years later and was succeeded by a third brother, Mwanawina III. On his death in 1968, a fourth brother Mbikusita reigned as Litunga from 1968 to 1977 as [[Lewanika II]]. A newspaper-article from 1902 mentioned two sons, Imaski and Lubasci, who were educated in the UK at the time, and a son-in-law called Ishi-Kambai.<ref name=TT24061902>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=King Lewanika and the Bible Society |day_of_week=Tuesday |date=24 June 1902 |page_number=8 |issue=36802| }}</ref> One of his daughters worked as a teacher in his capital.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Barotseland and King Lewanika|day_of_week=Tuesday |date=10 June 1902 |page_number=12 |issue=36790| }}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lewanika's eldest son was named Litia, and succeeded as [[Yeta III]] on his father´s death. His third son Imwiko succeeded his brother in 1945, but died three years later and was succeeded by a third brother, Mwanawina III. On his death in 1968, a fourth brother Mbikusita reigned as Litunga from 1968 to 1977 as [[Lewanika II]]. A newspaper-article from 1902 mentioned two sons, Imaski and Lubasci, who were educated in the UK at the time, and a son-in-law called Ishi-Kambai.<ref name=TT24061902>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=King Lewanika and the Bible Society |day_of_week=Tuesday |date=24 June 1902 |page_number=8 |issue=36802| }}</ref> One of his daughters worked as a teacher in his capital.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Barotseland and King Lewanika|day_of_week=Tuesday |date=10 June 1902 |page_number=12 |issue=36790| }}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Lewanika name continues to be used as part of a family name, for instance by Lewanika II's children [[Akashambatwa Mbikusita-Lewanika]], a [[Zambia]]n statesman and [[Inonge Mbikusita-Lewanika]], an ambassador of the Republic of Zambia in the [[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">United States</del>]]<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Lewanika name continues to be used as part of a family name, for instance by Lewanika II's children [[Akashambatwa Mbikusita-Lewanika]], a [[Zambia]]n statesman and [[Inonge Mbikusita-Lewanika]], an ambassador of the Republic of Zambia in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">United States.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==See also==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*[[Lozi people]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*[[Lewanika II]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*</ins>[[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Barotseland</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Chalochatuhttp://www.chalochatu.org/index.php?title=Lewanika&diff=6031&oldid=prevIcem4k: /* Family */2016-07-14T17:10:27Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Family</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lewanika's eldest son was named Litia, and succeeded as [[Yeta III]] on his father´s death. His third son Imwiko succeeded his brother in 1945, but died three years later and was succeeded by a third brother, Mwanawina III. On his death in 1968, a fourth brother Mbikusita reigned as Litunga from 1968 to 1977 as [[Lewanika II]]. A newspaper-article from 1902 mentioned two sons, Imaski and Lubasci, who were educated in the UK at the time, and a son-in-law called Ishi-Kambai.<ref name=TT24061902>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=King Lewanika and the Bible Society |day_of_week=Tuesday |date=24 June 1902 |page_number=8 |issue=36802| }}</ref> One of his daughters worked as a teacher in his capital.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Barotseland and King Lewanika|day_of_week=Tuesday |date=10 June 1902 |page_number=12 |issue=36790| }}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lewanika's eldest son was named Litia, and succeeded as [[Yeta III]] on his father´s death. His third son Imwiko succeeded his brother in 1945, but died three years later and was succeeded by a third brother, Mwanawina III. On his death in 1968, a fourth brother Mbikusita reigned as Litunga from 1968 to 1977 as [[Lewanika II]]. A newspaper-article from 1902 mentioned two sons, Imaski and Lubasci, who were educated in the UK at the time, and a son-in-law called Ishi-Kambai.<ref name=TT24061902>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=King Lewanika and the Bible Society |day_of_week=Tuesday |date=24 June 1902 |page_number=8 |issue=36802| }}</ref> One of his daughters worked as a teacher in his capital.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Barotseland and King Lewanika|day_of_week=Tuesday |date=10 June 1902 |page_number=12 |issue=36790| }}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Lewanika name continues to be used as part of a family name, for instance by Lewanika II's children [[Akashambatwa Mbikusita-Lewanika]], a [[Zambia]]n statesman and [[Inonge Mbikusita-Lewanika]], an ambassador of the Republic of Zambia in the [[United States]].<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Lewanika name continues to be used as part of a family name, for instance by Lewanika II's children [[Akashambatwa Mbikusita-Lewanika]], a [[Zambia]]n statesman and [[Inonge Mbikusita-Lewanika]], an ambassador of the Republic of Zambia in the [[United States]].</div></td></tr>
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</table>Icem4khttp://www.chalochatu.org/index.php?title=Lewanika&diff=6030&oldid=prevIcem4k: /* References */2016-07-14T17:09:52Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:09, 14 July 2016</td>
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</table>Icem4khttp://www.chalochatu.org/index.php?title=Lewanika&diff=5951&oldid=prevIcem4k: Created page with "Lewanika photographed during his visit to Edinburgh in 1902 '''Lewanika''' (1842–1916) (also known as '''Lubosi Lewanika''' or '''Le..."2016-07-14T13:44:15Z<p>Created page with "<a href="/File:Lewanika_in_Edinburgh.jpg" title="File:Lewanika in Edinburgh.jpg">thumb|Lewanika photographed during his visit to Edinburgh in 1902</a> '''Lewanika''' (1842–1916) (also known as '''Lubosi Lewanika''' or '''Le..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>[[File:Lewanika in Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|Lewanika photographed during his visit to Edinburgh in 1902]]<br />
'''Lewanika''' (1842–1916) (also known as '''Lubosi Lewanika''' or '''Lewanika I''') was the [[Lozi people|Lozi]] [[Litunga]] (king or paramount chief) of [[Barotseland]] from 1878 to 1916 (with a break in 1884-5).<br />
A detailed, although biased, description of King 'Lubossi' (the spelling used) can be found in the Portuguese explorer [[Alexandre de Serpa Pinto]]'s 1878-1879 travel narrative ''Como eu atravessei a África'' (''How I Crossed Africa'', in English translation).<br />
== Biography ==<br />
In December 1882 the missionary [[Frederick Stanley Arnot]] reached [[Lealui]], the capital of Barotseland, after traveling across the [[Kalahari Desert]] from Botswana. King Lewanika kept him for the next eighteen months, then allowed him to move on, but in a westward direction rather than eastward as he had planned.<br />
While detained, Arnot taught the king's children to read and undertook some evangelism.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/demrepcongo/arnot_stanley.html<br />
|work=Dictionary of African Christian Biography<br />
|title=Arnot, Frederick Stanley<br />
|year=2005<br />
|first=Dr. J. Keir |last=Howard |accessdate=2011-12-14}}</ref><br />
Arnot was present when Lewanika received a proposal from the [[Matabele people|Ndebele]] for an alliance to resist the white men. Arnot may have helped Lewanika to see the advantages of a British protectorate in terms of the greater wealth and security it would provide.<ref>{{cite book<br />
|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=NRHPHin5Ro4C&pg=PA210 |page=210<br />
|title=Crown and charter: the early years of the British South Africa Company<br />
|first=John S. |last=Galbraith<br />
|publisher=University of California Press |year=1974 |ISBN=0-520-02693-4}}</ref><br />
Arnot left Bulozi in 1884 to recover his health and to escape a brewing rebellion against Lewanika.<ref>{{cite book<br />
|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=nvq19UbIgZwC&pg=PA222 |page=222<br />
|title=Bulozi Under the Luyana Kings: Political Evolution and State Formation in Pre-Colonial Zambia<br />
|first=Mutumba |last=Mainga<br />
|publisher=African Books Collective |year=2010 |ISBN=9982-24-052-8}}</ref><br />
<br />
Lewanika brought Barotseland, now part of [[Zambia]], under [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] control in 1890, when he agreed with [[Cecil Rhodes]] for the region to become a [[protectorate]] under the [[British South Africa Company]] (BSAC). However, he felt deceived by the BSAC terms as they worked in practice, and he appealed, unsuccessfully, to the [[British Crown]]. Lewanika told [[James Johnston (missionary)|Dr James Johnston]] how he had written to the British asking that his kingdom should be made a British Protectorate. He had waited years for a reply and then men had arrived with papers claiming that they had the power to make this happen. The King was reassured as the local missionary. [[François Coillard|Monsier Coillard]], was his interpreter at the meeting and the King was reassured by Coillard's confidence in these men. Lewanika had been thankful that his wish had been granted and he had sent two enormous elephant ivory tusks as a present for Queen Victoria. Lewanika was incensed to find that the men were from a South African company and that the ivory tusks were not with Queen Victoria but as ornaments in the directors board room. Johnston assisted Lewanika in writing a letter of protest. Lewanika was to prove a great help to Johnston as he was able to command assistance for Johnston from nearby subordinate chiefs.<ref name=book>[https://archive.org/details/realityversusrom00john Reality versus romance in South Central Africa], Dr J Johnston, Archive.org, Retrieved 25 September 2015</ref><br />
<br />
In 1902, Lewanika visited [[London]] for the [[coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra]], where he was treated with respect and had an audience with King Edward and an informal meeting with the [[George V of the United Kingdom|Prince of Wales]]. When asked what he would discuss with the British sovereign, he said "When we kings meet we always have plenty to talk about".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=75928&back= |title=Lewanika (c.1842–1916) |last1= Macmillan |first1=Hugh |last2= |first2= |date= |website=www.oxforddnb.com |publisher=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |accessdate=22 December 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Family==<br />
Lewanika's eldest son was named Litia, and succeeded as [[Yeta III]] on his father´s death. His third son Imwiko succeeded his brother in 1945, but died three years later and was succeeded by a third brother, Mwanawina III. On his death in 1968, a fourth brother Mbikusita reigned as Litunga from 1968 to 1977 as [[Lewanika II]]. A newspaper-article from 1902 mentioned two sons, Imaski and Lubasci, who were educated in the UK at the time, and a son-in-law called Ishi-Kambai.<ref name=TT24061902>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=King Lewanika and the Bible Society |day_of_week=Tuesday |date=24 June 1902 |page_number=8 |issue=36802| }}</ref> One of his daughters worked as a teacher in his capital.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Barotseland and King Lewanika|day_of_week=Tuesday |date=10 June 1902 |page_number=12 |issue=36790| }}</ref><br />
<br />
The Lewanika name continues to be used as part of a family name, for instance by Lewanika II's children [[Akashambatwa Mbikusita-Lewanika]], a [[Zambia]]n statesman and [[Inonge Mbikusita-Lewanika]], an ambassador of the Republic of Zambia in the [[United States]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1842 births]]<br />
[[Category:1916 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Litungas]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Litungas of Barotseland}}</div>Icem4k