View source for Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia

{{Infobox Former Country
|conventional_long_name = Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia<ref>In the official name, as promulgated under the Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia Order in Council, 1899, the dash between "Barotziland" and "North-Western" was a long dash.</ref>
|native_name = 
|common_name = Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia 
|continent = Africa
|region = Central Africa
|country = Northern Rhodesia
|empire = British Empire
|p1 = Company rule in Rhodesia
|flag_p1 = Flag of BSAC edit.svg
|s1 = Northern Rhodesia
|flag_s1 = Flag of Northern Rhodesia (1939-1953).svg
|image_flag = Flag of BSAC.svg
|flag = British South Africa Company
|image_coat = |symbol = 
|national_anthem = "God Save the Queen|God save the King/Queen"
|image_map = |image_map_caption = 
|capital = [[Kalomo]] (1899-1907), [[Livingstone]] (1907-1911)<ref>''Brief History of the Establishment of the Barotse Park in 1898'', Special Report published in the Barotse Post on 8 May 2015.</ref>
|common_languages = English (official)<br>[[Chewa language|Nyanja]], [[Bemba language|Bemba]], [[Tonga language (Zambia)|Tonga]] and [[Lozi language|Lozi]] widely spoken
|government_type = Colonial administration
|title_leader = British monarchy
|leader1 = Victoria of the United Kingdom 
|year_leader1 = 1899–1901
|leader2 = Edward VII of the United Kingdom
|year_leader2 = 1901–1910
|leader3 = George V of the United Kingdom
|year_leader3 = 1910-1911
|title_representative = Administrator<ref>Administrator appointed pursuant to Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia Order in Council, 1899, S.R.O. 1901 No. 567.</ref>
|representative1 = Robert Thorne Coryndon
|year_representative1 = 1900–1907 <small>(first)</small>
|representative2 = Robert Edward Codrington
|year_representative2 = 1907-1908
|representative3 = Lawrence Aubrey Wallace
|year_representative3 = 1909-1911 <small>(last)</small>
|area_sq_mi = 182,000<ref>Encyclopedia of the Laws of England, Volume XIII; Editors: A. Wood Renton, Esq., Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Ceylon and  Max. A. Robertson, Esq., of the Inner Temple and the Midland Circuit, Barrister-at-Law; Edinburgh; 1 November 1908.</ref>
|population_estimate = 7<ref>Encyclopedia of the Laws of England, Volume XIII; Editors: A. Wood Renton, Esq., Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Ceylon and  Max. A. Robertson, Esq., of the Inner Temple and the Midland Circuit, Barrister-at-Law; Edinburgh; 1 November 1908.</ref>
|era = late 19th & early 20th century
|date_start = 28 November
|year_start = 1899<ref>[http://www.barotsepost.com/images/important_barotse_documents/Barotseland-Northwestern-Rhodesia-Order-in-Council-1899.pdf Barotziland North-Western Rhodesia Order in Council,1899].</ref><ref>''The Map of Africa by Treaty'' by Sir E. Hertslet.</ref>
|event_end = Amalgamated with North-Eastern Rhodesia as [[Northern Rhodesia]]<ref>Proclamation by His Excellency the High Commissioner of South Africa, Northern Rhodesia No 1 of 1911 and made on 17 August 1911; [//www.barotsepost.com/images/important_barotse_documents/Northern-Rhodesia-Order-in-Council-1911.pdf]</ref>
|date_end = <br/>17 August
|year_end = 1911<ref>''Zambia - Justice and the Rule of Law'' By Choolwe Beyani; published on the website of the Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa on 27 August 2013 and stating that 17 August 1911 was the commencement date for the Northern Rhodesia Order in Council, 1911.
</ref>
|currency = Southern Rhodesian pound
|footnotes = 
|today = {{flag|Zambia}}
}}

'''Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia''' was a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[protectorate]] in [[southern Africa|south central Africa]] formed in 1899.<ref>Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia Order in Council, 1899, S.R.O. 1901 No. 567.</ref> It encompassed [[North-Western Rhodesia]] and [[Barotseland]].

The protectorate was [[Company rule in Rhodesia|administered]] under charter by the [[British South Africa Company]]. It was the largest of what were colloquially referred to as the ''three Rhodesian protectorates'',<ref>Encyclopedia of the Laws of England, Volume XIII; Editors: A. Wood Renton, Esq., Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of [[Ceylon]] and  Max. A. Robertson, Esq., of the Inner Temple and the Midland Circuit, Barrister-at-Law; Edinburgh; 1 November 1908.</ref> the other two being [[Southern Rhodesia]] and [[North-Eastern Rhodesia]]. It was amalgamated with [[North-Eastern Rhodesia]], another territory administered by the British South Africa Company, to form [[Northern Rhodesia]] in 1911.<ref>Northern Rhodesia Order in Council, 1911, S.R.O. 1911 No. 438, p. 85.</ref>

==History==
In 1890 the British South Africa Company signed a treaty with King [[Lewanika]] of the [[Barotse]], the most powerful traditional ruler in the Barotse territory.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/338079/Lewanika Encyclopedia Britannica article on Lewanika published on the Britannica website]</ref> King Lewanika signed the treaty because he was fearful of attack from the Portuguese (in Angola to the west) and from the Ndebele (Matabele) to the east and so wished to have British protection.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/338079/Lewanika Encyclopedia Britannica article on Lewanika published on the Britannica website]</ref>

The treaty did not confer protectorate status on the territory, as only the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] could confer that status. Nonetheless, the charter gave the Barotse territory protection while conferring on the Company rights over the territory's minerals as well as trading rights.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/338079/Lewanika Encyclopedia Britannica article on Lewanika published on the Britannica website]</ref>

In 1897 [[Robert Coryndon]], private secretary to [[Cecil Rhodes]], was sent by Rhodes to be the British South Africa Company representative in [[Barotseland]].{{sfn|Bodleian Papers}} In October 1897 he reached King [[Lewanika]]'s capital, [[Lealui]], where he was given a cool reception.<ref>''The Elites of Barotseland, 1878-1969 - A Political History of Zambia's Western Province''; by Gerald L. Caplan. Berkeley.</ref> Lewanika could not initially accept that Coryndon could represent both the British South Africa Company and the United Kingdom government.

However, in November 1899 [[Queen Victoria]] signed the  Barotziland–North Western Rhodesia Order in Council, 1899. This Order amalgamated what was [[North-Eastern Rhodesia]] with [[Barotseland]] and established over the whole territory a protectorate named Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref>Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia Order in Council, 1899, S.R.O. 1901 No. 567.</ref><ref>''Commonwealth and Colonial Law'' by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 753.</ref> Protectorate status was welcomed by King Lewanika.<ref>''The Elites of Barotseland, 1878-1969 - A Political History of Zambia's Western Province''; by Gerald L. Caplan. Berkeley.</ref>

Under the Order a regime for the Company's governance of the new protectorate was established. The new protectorate was administered by an Administrator appointed by the [[List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to South Africa|High Commissioner for South Africa]].<ref>Encyclopedia of the Laws of England, Volume XIII; Editors: A. Wood Renton, Esq., Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of [[Ceylon]] and  Max. A. Robertson, Esq., of the Inner Temple and the Midland Circuit, Barrister-at-Law; Edinburgh; 1 November 1908.</ref> The High Commissioner legislated by proclamation for the protectorate.<ref>Encyclopedia of the Laws of England, Volume XIII; Editors: A. Wood Renton, Esq., Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of [[Ceylon]] and  Max. A. Robertson, Esq., of the Inner Temple and the Midland Circuit, Barrister-at-Law; Edinburgh; 1 November 1908.</ref> The protectorate was divided into nine administrative districts.<ref>Encyclopedia of the Laws of England, Volume XIII; Editors: A. Wood Renton, Esq., Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of [[Ceylon]] and  Max. A. Robertson, Esq., of the Inner Temple and the Midland Circuit, Barrister-at-Law; Edinburgh; 1 November 1908.</ref>

In September 1900 Coryndon was appointed as the first Administrator. He held this post until 1907.<ref>Ben Cahoon, publication appearing on www.worldstatesmen.org/Zambia.html</ref> Coryndon was replaced by [[Robert Codrington]], who died within a year of taking up office as Administrator.<ref>Ben Cahoon, publication appearing on www.worldstatesmen.org/Zambia.html</ref> The last person to serve as Administrator was [[Lawrence Aubrey Wallace]].<ref>Ben Cahoon, publication appearing on www.worldstatesmen.org/Zambia.html</ref> The capital was initially at [[Kalomo]], and moved in 1907 to [[Livingstone, Zambia|Livingstone]].

When the protectorate was amalgamated with [[North-Eastern Rhodesia]] to form [[Northern Rhodesia]], the Administrator of Northern Rhodesia took over the functions that had been carried out by the Administorator of Barotziland–North Western Rhodesia.<ref>Northern Rhodesia Order in Council, 1911.</ref>

==Laws==
The laws of England applied to the protectorate, as far as local circumstances permitted.<ref>Article 16 of the Order in Council of 
1899.</ref> In actions between natives, native law and custom prevailed, save so far as the same were incompatible with the due exercise of His Britanic Majesty's power and jurisdiction.<ref>Sec. 6 of Proclamation No. 6 of 1905.</ref> The High Commissioner was empowered to provide for the administration of justice.<ref>Northern Rhodesia Order in Council, 1911.</ref> An Administrator's Court was established, consisting of three judges, of whom the Administrator was president, and Magistrates' Courts were also set up.<ref>Proclamation No. 6 of 1905.</ref> Decisions of these Courts could be appealed to the Administrator's Court. Appeals from the Protectorate Courts could be made to the Supreme Court of [[Cape Colony]] and from there to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] in the United Kingdom.<ref>''Encyclopedia of the Laws of England'', Volume XIII; editors: A. Wood Renton, Esq., Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of [[Ceylon]] and  Max. A. Robertson, Esq., of the Inner Temple and the Midland Circuit, Barrister-at-Law; Edinburgh; 1 November 1908.</ref>

==See also==
* [[British South Africa Company]]
* [[Company rule in Rhodesia]]
* [[Rhodesia (name)]]
* [[Northern Rhodesia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Zambia}}

[[Category:History of Zambia]]
[[Category:Northern Rhodesia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1899]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1911]]
[[Category:Former British protectorates]]
[[Category:1899 establishments in Africa]]
[[Category:1911 disestablishments in Africa]]
[[Category:1899 establishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1911 disestablishments in the British Empire]]