View source for Zambia

{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox country 
|conventional_long_name = Republic of Zambia
|common_name = Zambia
|image_flag = Flag of Zambia.jpg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Zambia.png
|image_map = Zambia (orthographic projection).png
|image_map2 = Zambia_-_Location_Map_(2011)_-_ZMB_-_UNOCHA.svg
|national_motto = <br/>"One Zambia, One Nation" <!--speechmarks, as it's a quotation-->
|national_anthem = [[Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free|National Anthem of Zambia]] <div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><center>[[File:Zambia National Anthem.ogg]]</center></div>
|official_languages = [[English language|English]]
|regional_languages = {{collapsible list
  |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
  |title = > 0.5%
  |liststyle = text-align: left;border-top:1px solid #aaa;
  |  33.5% [[Bemba language|Bemba]]
  |  14.8% [[Nyanja language|Nyanja]]
  |  11.4% [[Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]
  |  5.5% [[Lozi language|Lozi]]
  |  4.5% [[Chewa language|Chewa]]
  |  3.0% [[Nsenga language|Nsenga]]
  |  2.6% [[Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]]
  |  1.9% [[Lunda language|Lunda]]
  |  1.9% [[Kaonde language|Kaonde]]
  |  1.8% [[Lala-Bisa language|Lala]]
  |  1.8% [[Lamba language|Lamba]]
  |  1.7% [[English language|English]]
  |  1.5% [[Luvale language|Luvale]]
  |  1.3% [[Mambwe language|Mambwe]]
  |  1.2% [[Lenje language|Lenje]]
  |  1.2% [[Namwanga language|Namwanga]]
  |  1.0% [[Bisa language|Bisa]]
  |  0.9% [[Ushi language|Ushi]]
  |  0.7% [[Ila language|Ila]]
  |  0.7% [[Mbunda language|Mbunda]]
  |  0.7% [[Ngoni language|Ngoni]]
  |  0.7% [[Tumbuka-Senga language|Senga]]
  |  0.6% [[Lungu language|Lungu]]
  |  0.5% [[Toka-Leya language|Toka-Leya]]
  |  4.7% Others
 }}
|demonym = Zambian
|ethnic_groups =
 {{collapsible list
  |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
  |title = > 0.5%
  |liststyle = text-align: left;border-top:1px solid #aaa;
  |  21.0% [[Bemba people|Bemba]]
  |  13.6% [[Tonga people of Zambia and Zimbabwe|Tonga]]
  |  7.4% [[Chewa people|Chewa]]
  |  5.7% [[Lozi people|Lozi]]
  |  5.3% [[Nsenga people|Nsenga]]
  |  4.4% [[Tumbuka people|Tumbuka]]
  |  4.0% [[Ngoni people|Ngoni]]
  |  3.1% [[Lala people|Lala]]
  |  2.9% [[Kaonde people|Kaonde]]
  |  2.8% [[Namwanga people|Namwanga]]
  |  2.6% [[Lunda people|Lunda (Northern)]]
  |  2.5% [[Mambwe people|Mambwe]]
  |  2.2% [[Luvale people|Luvale]]
  |  2.1% [[Lamba people|Lamba]]
  |  1.9% [[Ushi people|Ushi]]
  |  1.6% [[Bisa people|Bisa]]
  |  1.6% [[Lenje people|Lenje]]
  |  1.2% [[Mbunda people|Mbunda]]
  |  0.9% [[Lunda people|Lunda (Luapula)]]
  |  0.9% [[Senga people|Senga]]
  |  0.8% [[Ila people|Ila]]
  |  0.8% [[Lungu people|Lungu]]
  |  0.7% [[Tabwa]]
  |  0.7% [[Soli people|Soli]]
  |  0.7% [[Kunda people|Kunda]]
  |  0.6% [[Ngumbo people|Ngumbo]]
  |  0.5% [[Chishinga people|Chishinga]]
  |  0.5% [[Chokwe people|Chokwe]]
  |  0.5% [[Nkoya people|Nkoya]]
  |  5.4% Other ethnics
  |  0.8% Major racial
  |  0.4% Unclassified
 }}
|ethnic_groups_year = 2010<ref name="ZMBCSO2016">[http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/nada/index.php/catalog/63 Census of Population and Housing National Analytical Report 2010]. Central Statistical office, Zambia</ref>
|religion = [[Christianity]]
|capital = [[Lusaka]]
|latd=
|latm= 
|latNS= 
| longd= 
|longm=
|longEW=
|largest_city = capital
|government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|Presidential]] [[republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Zambia|President]]
|leader_name1 = [[Edgar Lungu|Edgar Chagwa Lungu]]
|leader_title2=[[List of Vice Presidents of Zambia|Vice President]]
|leader_name2=[[Inonge Wina|Inonge Mutukwa Wina]]
|leader_title3 =[[List of Speakers of the National Assembly of Zambia|Speaker of National Assembly]]
|leader_name3 = [[Patrick Matibini]]
|leader_title4 = [[Irene Mambilima|Chief Justice]]
|leader_name4 = [[Irene Mambilima]]
|legislature = [[National Assembly (Zambia)|National Assembly]]
|area_km2 = 752,618
|area_sq_mi = 290,587 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|area_rank = 39th
|area_footnote =<ref name="area">{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf |title=Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |format=PDF |author=United Nations Statistics Division |accessdate=9 November 2007}}</ref>
|area_magnitude = 1 E11
|percent_water = 1
|population_estimate = 16,212,000<ref>[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf United Nations World Population Prospects](PDF) 2015 Revision</ref>
|population_estimate_year = 2015
|population_estimate_rank = 69th
|population_census = 13,092,666<ref name="censubibpibjnii">{{cite web |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/census.php |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121010214/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/census.php |archivedate=21 January 2012 |title=2010 Census Population Summaries |author=Central Statistical Office, Government of Zambia |accessdate=13 November 2012}}</ref>
|population_census_year = 2010
|population_density_km2 = 17.2
|population_density_sq_mi = 44.5 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|population_density_rank = 191st
|GDP_PPP_year = 2016
|GDP_PPP = $74.014 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=41&pr.y=19&sy=2013&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=754&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Zambia |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=18 April 2013}}</ref>
|GDP_PPP_rank = 
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $4,616<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
|GDP_nominal = $31.842 billion<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_nominal_year = 2016
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,985.<ref name=imf2/>
|Gini_year = 2010
|Gini_change =  <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
|Gini = 57.5 <!--number only-->
|Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=2 March 2011}}</ref>
|Gini_rank =
|HDI_year = 2014<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
|HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
|HDI = 0.586 <!--number only-->
|HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |title=2015 Human Development Report |date=2015 |accessdate=15 December 2015 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref>
|HDI_rank = 139th 
|sovereignty_type = [[History of Zambia|Independence]]
|sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]]
|established_event1 = [[North-Western Rhodesia]]
|established_date1 =  27 June 1890
|established_event2 = [[Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia]]
|established_date2 = 28 November 1899
|established_event3 = [[North-Eastern Rhodesia]]
|established_date3 = 29 January 1900
|established_event4 = [[Northern Rhodesia|Amalgamation of Northern Rhodesia]]
|established_date4 = 17 August 1911
|established_event5 = [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]
|established_date5 = 1 August 1953
|established_event6 = [[Zambia Independence Act 1964|Republic of Zambia]]
|established_date6 = 24 October 1964
|established_event7 = Current constitution
|established_date7 = 5 January 2016
|currency = [[Zambian kwacha]]
|currency_code = ZMW
|time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]]
|utc_offset = +2
|drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic|left]]
|calling_code = [[+260]]
|cctld = [[.zm]]
|Religion = [[Religion|Christianity]]
}}
The '''Republic of Zambia'''/ˈzæmbiə/ is a [[landlocked country]] in [[Southern Africa]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm |title=United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49) |publisher=Unstats.un.org |date=31 October 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> neighbouring the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] to the north, [[Tanzania]] to the north-east, [[Malawi]] to the east, [[Mozambique]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Botswana]] and [[Namibia]] to the south, and [[Angola]] to the west. The capital city is [[Lusaka]], in the south-central part of Zambia. The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the [[Copperbelt Province]] to the northwest, the core economic hubs of the country.

Originally inhabited by [[Khoisan]] peoples, the region was affected by the [[Bantu expansion]] of the thirteenth century. After visits by [[European exploration of Africa|European explorers]] in the eighteenth century, Zambia became the British protectorate of [[Northern Rhodesia]] towards the end of the nineteenth century. For most of the colonial period, Zambia was governed by an administration appointed from London with the advice of the [[British South Africa Company]].

On 24 October 1964, Zambia became independent of the United Kingdom and prime minister [[Kenneth Kaunda]] became the inaugural president. Kaunda's socialist [[United National Independence Party]] (UNIP) maintained power from 1964 until 1991. From 1972 to 1991 Zambia was a [[one-party state]] with the UNIP as the sole legal political party under the motto "One Zambia, One Nation". Kaunda was succeeded by [[Frederick Chiluba]] of the social-democratic [[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy]] in 1991, beginning a period of social-economic growth and government decentralisation. [[Levy Mwanawasa]], Chiluba's chosen successor, presided over Zambia from January 2002 until his death in August 2008, and is credited with campaigns to reduce corruption and increase the standard of living. After Mwanawasa's death, [[Rupiah Banda]] presided as Acting President before being elected President in 2008. Holding office for only three years, Banda stepped down after his defeat in the [[Zambian general election, 2011|2011 elections]] by [[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|Patriotic Front]] party leader [[Michael Sata]]. Sata died on 28 October 2014, the second Zambian president to die in office.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612 Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London – BBC News]. Bbc.com (29 October 2014). Retrieved on 20 November 2015.</ref> [[Guy Scott]] served briefly as interim president until new elections were held on 20 January 2015,<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/29/scott-president-interim-zambia-sata-death Guy Scott takes interim role after Zambian president Sata’s death | World news]. The Guardian. Retrieved on 20 November 2015.</ref> in which [[Edgar Lungu]] was elected as the sixth [[List of Presidents of Zambia|President]].

In 2010, the [[World Bank]] named Zambia one of the world's fastest economically reformed countries. The [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA) is headquartered in Lusaka.

==Etymology==
<!-- Section header is linked. -->
{{further2|[[Rhodesia (name)]]}}

The territory of what is now Zambia was known as [[Northern Rhodesia]] from 1911. It was renamed Zambia at independence in 1964.
The new name of Zambia was derived from the [[Zambezi]] river (Zambezi may mean "River of God").{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

==History==
{{Main|History of Zambia}}

===Pre-historic era===

[[File:Rhodesian Man.jpg|thumb|left|Skull of [[Homo rhodesiensis|Broken Hill Man]] discovered in present-day [[Kabwe]].]]

The area of modern Zambia is known to have been inhabited by the [[Khoisan]] until around AD 300, when migrating [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] began to settle around these areas.<ref>{{cite book
| title=Cultures of the World: Zambia | last=Holmes | first=Timothy
| year=1998 |location=Tarrytown, New York | isbn=0-7614-0694-8|pages=19–20 | publisher=Times Books International}}</ref> These early hunter-gatherer groups were later either annihilated or absorbed by subsequent more organised [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] groups.

Archaeological excavation work on the [[Zambezi Valley]] and [[Kalambo Falls]] show a succession of human cultures. In particular, ancient camping site tools near the [[Kalambo Falls]] have been radiocarbon dated to more than 36,000 year ago.

The fossil skull remains of [[Homo rhodesiensis|Broken Hill Man]], dated between 300,000 and 125,000 years BC, further shows that the area was inhabited by pre-historic man.

===Bantu empires===
[[File:The Muata Cazembe.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Kazembe|Muata Cazembe]], Emperor of the [[Lunda people]] in the 1800s.]]
[[File:Bantu_expansion.png|thumb|right|Map that supports common hypothesis of [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] expansion.]]

The early history of tribes of modern-day Zambia can only be gleaned from knowledge passed down by successive generations through word of mouth.

In the 12th century, major waves of [[Bantu languages|Bantu]]-speaking immigrants arrived during the [[Bantu expansion]]. Among them, the [[Tonga people of Zambia and Zimbabwe|Tonga people]] (also called Ba-Tonga, "Ba-" meaning "men") were the first to settle in Zambia and are believed to have come from the east near the "big sea".

The [[Nkoya]] people also arrived early in the expansion,<ref>{{cite book|author=Clay, Gervas |title=History of the Mankoya District|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZZHcAAACAAJ|year=1945|publisher=Rhodes-Livingstone Institute}}</ref> coming from the [[Luba Empire|Luba]]–[[Lunda Empire|Lunda]] kingdoms located in the southern parts of the modern [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] and northern [[Angola]], followed by a much larger influx, especially between the late 12th and early 13th centuries.

By the late 12th century, more advanced kingdoms and empires had been established in most regions of modern-day Zambia.

To the [[Eastern Province, Zambia|east]], the [[Maravi Empire]], also spanning the vast areas of [[Malawi]] and parts of present-day northern [[Mozambique]] began to flourish under [[Kalonga]].

At the end of the 18th century, some of the [[Mbunda people|Mbunda]] migrated to [[Barotseland]], [[Mongu]]<ref>''The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, ISBN 0900966386</ref> upon the migration of among others, the [[Rulers of Mbundaland|Ciyengele]].<ref>[http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html Bantu-Languages.com], citing Maniacky 1997</ref> The Aluyi and their leader, the Litunga Mulambwa, especially valued the Mbunda for their fighting ability.

In the early 19th century, the Nsokolo people settled in the [[Mbala, Zambia|Mbala district]] of Northern Province. During the 19th century, the [[Ngoni people|Ngoni]] and [[Sotho people]]s arrived from the south. By the late 19th century, most of the various peoples of Zambia were established in their current areas.

===European contact===
[[File:David Livingstone -1.jpg|thumb|An 1864 portrait of [[Scotland|Scottish]] explorer and missionary [[David Livingstone]].]]
The earliest European to visit the area was the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] explorer [[Francisco de Lacerda]] in the late 18th century. Lacerda led an expedition from Mozambique to the Kazembe region in Zambia (with the goal of exploring and to crossing Southern Africa from coast to coast for the first time),<ref>{{cite web|title = Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798|url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/|accessdate = 3 September 2015}}</ref>  and passed away during the expedition in 1798. The expedition was from then on led by his friend Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web|title = Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 – Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia)|url = http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php|website = www.greatnorthroad.org|accessdate = 3 September 2015|first = Craig Hartnett of NinerNet|last = Communications.}}</ref>  This territory, located between [[Portuguese Mozambique]] and [[Portuguese Angola]], was claimed and explored by Portugal in that period. Other European visitors followed in the 19th century. The most prominent of these was [[David Livingstone]], who had a vision of ending the [[History of slavery|slave trade]] through the "3 Cs": Christianity, Commerce and Civilization.

He was the first European to see the magnificent waterfalls on the [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] in 1855, naming them the [[Victoria Falls]] after [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]]. He described them thus: "Scenes so lovely must have been gazed upon by angels in their flight".

Locally the falls are known as "Mosi-o-Tunya" or "thundering smoke" in the Lozi or Kololo dialect. The town of [[Livingstone, Zambia|Livingstone]], near the Falls, is named after him. Highly publicised accounts of his journeys motivated a wave of European visitors, missionaries and traders after his death in 1873.<ref>"First to the Falls" by Gervas and Gill Clay</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=October 2014}}

===British South Africa Company===
[[File:CecilRhodes.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Cecil Rhodes]]]]
In 1888, the [[British South Africa Company]] (BSA Company), led by [[Cecil Rhodes]], obtained mineral rights from the [[Litunga]], the Paramount Chief of the [[Lozi people|Lozi (Ba-rotse)]] for the area which later became [[Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia]].<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web
| title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture
| url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm
| author=Livingstone Tourism Association | accessdate=29 October 2007
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archivedate = 12 October 2007}}</ref> To the east, in December 1897 a group of the [[Ngoni people|Angoni or Ngoni]] (originally from Zululand) rebelled under Tsinco, son of King [[Mpezeni]], but the rebellion was put down,<ref name="unam">{{cite web
| title=Zambia: Historical Background | author=Human Rights & Documentation Centre | url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm
| archivedate=11 March 2007 | accessdate=14 January 2011
}}</ref> and [[Mpezeni]] accepted the [[Pax Britannica]]. That part of the country then came to be known as [[North-Eastern Rhodesia]]. In 1895, Rhodes asked his American scout [[Frederick Russell Burnham]] to look for minerals and ways to improve river navigation in the region, and it was during this trek that Burnham discovered major copper deposits along the [[Kafue River]].<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |authorlink=Frederick Russell Burnham |editor-first=Walter H. |editor-last=Wills |title=[[s:Northern Rhodesia|Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia]] |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |year=1899 |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref>

[[North-Eastern Rhodesia]] and [[Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia]] were administered as separate units until 1911 when they were merged to form [[Northern Rhodesia]], a British protectorate. In 1923, the BSA Company ceded control of Northern Rhodesia to the British Government after the government decided not to renew the Company's charter.

===British colonisation===

In 1923, [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now [[Zimbabwe]]), a conquered territory which was also administered by the BSA Company, became a self-governing British colony. In 1924, after negotiations, administration of Northern Rhodesia transferred to the British [[Secretary of State for the Colonies|Colonial Office]].

===Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland===

In 1953, the creation of the [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]] grouped together Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia and [[Nyasaland Protectorate|Nyasaland]] (now [[Malawi]]) as a single semi-autonomous region. This was undertaken despite opposition from a sizeable minority of the population, who demonstrated against it in 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html|title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of|author=Pearson Education|accessdate=29 October 2007}}</ref> Northern Rhodesia was the centre of much of the turmoil and crisis characterising the federation in its last years. Initially, [[Harry Nkumbula]]'s African National Congress (ANC) led the campaign, which [[Kenneth Kaunda]]'s United National Independence Party (UNIP) subsequently took up.

===Independence===

[[File:Zambia123f.jpg|thumb|[[Kenneth David Kaunda|Kenneth Kaunda]], first Republican president, on a state visit to [[Romania]] in 1986.]]

A two-stage election held in October and December 1962 resulted in an African majority in the legislative council and an uneasy coalition between the two African nationalist parties. The council passed resolutions calling for Northern Rhodesia's secession from the federation and demanding full internal self-government under a new constitution and a new [[National Assembly of Zambia|National Assembly]] based on a broader, more democratic franchise.

The federation was dissolved on 31 December 1963, and in January 1964, Kaunda won the only election for Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia. The [[Governor of Northern Rhodesia|Colonial Governor]], Sir [[Evelyn Dennison Hone|Evelyn Hone]], was very close to Kaunda and urged him to stand for the post. Soon after, there was an uprising in the north of the country known as the [[Lumpa Church|Lumpa Uprising]] led by [[Alice Lenshina]]&nbsp;– Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.

Northern Rhodesia became the Republic of Zambia on 24 October 1964, with [[Kenneth Kaunda]] as the first president. At independence, despite its considerable mineral wealth, Zambia faced major challenges. Domestically, there were few trained and educated Zambians capable of running the government, and the economy was largely dependent on foreign expertise. This expertise was provided in part by [[John Willson CMG]]<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> There were over 70,000 Europeans resident in Zambia in 1964, and they remained of disproportionate economic significance.<ref name="Zambia">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm 1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia]. BBC 'On This Day'.</ref>

Kaunda's endorsement of [[Patriotic Front (Zimbabwe)|Patriotic Front]] guerrillas conducting raids into neighbouring [[Rhodesia|(Southern) Rhodesia]] resulted in political tension and a militarisation of the border, leading to its closure in 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book|last=Raeburn|first=Michael|title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas|pages=1–209|year=1978|publisher=Random House |isbn=0394505301}}</ref> The [[Kariba Dam|Kariba hydroelectric]] station on the Zambezi River provided sufficient capacity to satisfy the country's requirements for electricity, despite Rhodesian management.

A [[TAZARA Railway|railway]] (TAZARA – Tanzania Zambia Railways) to the [[Tanzania]]n port of [[Dar es Salaam]], completed in 1975 with Chinese assistance, reduced Zambian dependence on railway lines south to South Africa and west through an increasingly troubled [[Portuguese Angola]]. Until the completion of the railway, Zambia's major artery for imports and the critical export of copper was along the TanZam Road, running from Zambia to the port cities in Tanzania. The [[Tazama Pipeline|Tazama oil pipeline]] was also built from Dar es Salaam to [[Ndola]] in Zambia.

By the late 1970s, Mozambique and Angola had attained independence from Portugal. Rhodesia's predominantly white government, which issued a [[Unilateral Declaration of Independence]] in 1965, accepted majority rule under the [[Lancaster House Agreement]] in 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book|last=Nelson|first=Harold|title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study|pages=54–137|year=1983|isbn=0160015987|publisher=Claitors Publishing Division}}</ref>

Civil strife in both Portuguese colonies and a mounting [[Namibian War of Independence]] resulted in an influx of refugees<ref name="zastudy">{{cite book|last=Kaplan|first=Irving|title=Area Handbook for the Republic of South Africa|pages=404–405|year=1971|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office}}</ref> and compounded transportation issues. The [[Benguela railway]], which extended west through Angola, was essentially closed to Zambian traffic by the late 1970s. Zambia's support for [[Internal resistance to South African apartheid|anti-apartheid]] movements such as the [[African National Congress]] (ANC) also created security problems as the [[South African Defence Force]] struck at dissident targets during external raids.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Evans, M. |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |page=1 |journal=Zambezia |year=1984 |volume=12}}</ref>

===Economic troubles===

In the mid-1970s, the price of copper, Zambia's principal export, suffered a severe decline worldwide. In Zambia's situation, the cost of transporting the copper great distances to market was an additional strain. Zambia turned to foreign and international lenders for relief, but, as copper prices remained depressed, it became increasingly difficult to service its growing debt. By the mid-1990s, despite limited debt relief, Zambia's per capita foreign debt remained among the highest in the world.

===Democratisation===

In June 1990 riots against Kaunda accelerated. Many protesters were killed by the regime in breakthrough June 1990 protests. In 1990 Kaunda survived an [[1990 Zambian coup d'état attempt|attempted coup]], and in 1991 he agreed to reinstate multiparty democracy, having instituted one party rule under the Choma Commission of 1972. Following multiparty elections, Kaunda was removed from office (see below).

In the 2000s, the economy stabilized, attaining single-digit inflation in 2006–2007, real GDP growth, decreasing interest rates, and increasing levels of trade. Much of its growth is due to foreign investment in mining and to higher world copper prices. All this led to Zambia being courted enthusiastically by aid donors, and saw a surge in investor confidence in the country.

==Politics==
{{Main|Politics of Zambia}}

[[File:Zambia National Assembly Building.jpg|thumb|Zambia National Assembly building in [[Lusaka]]]]

Politics in Zambia take place in a framework of a [[presidential system|presidential]] [[representative democracy|representative democratic]] republic, whereby the [[List of Presidents of Zambia|President of Zambia]] is both [[head of state]] and [[head of government]] in a pluriform [[multi-party system]]. The government exercises executive power, while legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament.

Zambia became a republic immediately upon attaining independence in October 1964. From 2011 to 2014, Zambia's president had been Michael Sata, until Sata died on 28 October 2014.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612 Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London]. BBC. 29 October 2014</ref>

After Sata's death, Vice President [[Guy Scott]], a Zambian of Scottish descent, became acting President of Zambia. On 24 January 2015 it was announced that [[Edgar Lungu|Edgar Chagwa Lungu]] had won the [[Zambian presidential election, 2015|election]] to become the 6th President  in a tightly contested race. He won 48.33% of the vote, a lead of 1.66% over his closest rival, [[Hakainde Hichilema]], with 46.67%.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race]. ''Associated Press'' via ''Yahoo News''. 24 January 2015</ref> 9 other candidates all got less than 1% each.

===Foreign relations===
{{Further|Foreign relations of Zambia}}

After independence in 1964 the foreign relations of Zambia were mostly focused on supporting liberation movements in other countries in [[Southern Africa]], such as the [[African National Congress]] and [[SWAPO]]. During the [[Cold War]] Zambia was a member of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].

===Military===
{{main|Zambian Defence Force}}

The Zambian Defence Force (ZDF) consists of the Zambia Army (ZA), the Zambia Air Force (ZAF), and the Zambian National Service (ZNS). The ZDF is designed primarily against external threats.

===Administrative divisions===
{{Further|Provinces of Zambia}}

{{Regions of Zambia Labelled Map}}

Zambia is divides into ten [[Provinces of Zambia|regions]], which are further divided into 105 [[Districts of Zambia|districts]], 150 constituencies and 1,430 wards.

;Provinces
# [[Central Province, Zambia|Central]]
# [[Copperbelt Province|Copperbelt]]
# [[Eastern Province, Zambia|Eastern]]
# [[Luapula Province|Luapula]]
# [[Lusaka Province|Lusaka]]
# [[Muchinga Province, Zambia|Muchinga]]
# [[North-Western Province, Zambia|North-Western]]
# [[Northern Province, Zambia|Northern]]
# [[Southern Province, Zambia|Southern]]
# [[Western Province, Zambia|Western]]

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Zambia}}

[[File:Roadmap Showing Geography of Zambia.svg|thumb|Topographical map of Zambia]]
[[File:Zambia map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb|Zambia map of Köppen climate classification.]]
Zambia is a [[landlocked]] country in southern Africa, with a [[tropical climate]], and consists mostly of high [[plateaus]] with some hills and mountains, dissected by river valleys. At {{convert|752614|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} it is the 39th-largest country in the world, slightly smaller than [[Chile]]. The country lies mostly between latitudes [[8th parallel south|8°]] and [[18th parallel south|18°S]], and longitudes [[22nd meridian east|22°]] and [[34th meridian east|34°E]].

Zambia is drained by two major river basins: the [[Zambezi River|Zambezi]]/Kafue basin in the centre, west and south covering about three-quarters of the country; and the [[Congo River|Congo]] basin in the north covering about one-quarter of the country. A very small area in the northeast forms part of the internal drainage basin of [[Lake Rukwa]] in Tanzania.

In the Zambezi basin, there are a number of major rivers flowing wholly or partially through Zambia: the [[Kabompo River|Kabompo]], [[Lungwebungu River|Lungwebungu]], [[Kafue River|Kafue]], [[Luangwa River|Luangwa]], and the Zambezi itself, which flows through the country in the west and then forms its southern border with [[Namibia]], Botswana and [[Zimbabwe]]. Its source is in Zambia but it diverts into Angola, and a number of its tributaries rise in Angola's central highlands. The edge of the [[Cuando River]] floodplain (not its main channel) forms Zambia's southwestern border, and via the [[Chobe River]] that river contributes very little water to the Zambezi because most is lost by evaporation.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001)  [http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref>

Two of the Zambezi's longest and largest tributaries, the Kafue and the Luangwa, flow mainly in Zambia. Their confluences with the Zambezi are on the border with Zimbabwe at Chirundu and [[Luangwa, Zambia|Luangwa town]] respectively. Before its confluence, the Luangwa River forms part of Zambia's border with [[Mozambique]]. From Luangwa town, the Zambezi leaves Zambia and flows into Mozambique, and eventually into the [[Mozambique Channel]].

The Zambezi falls about {{convert|100|m|ft|0}} over the {{convert|1.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide [[Victoria Falls]], located in the south-west corner of the country, subsequently flowing into [[Lake Kariba]]. The Zambezi valley, running along the southern border, is both deep and wide. From Lake Kariba going east it is formed by [[graben]]s and like the Luangwa, Mweru-Luapula, [[Mweru-wa-Ntipa]] and Lake Tanganyika valleys, is a [[rift valley]].

The north of Zambia is very flat with broad plains. In the west the most notable being the [[Barotse Floodplain]] on the Zambezi, which floods from December to June, lagging behind the annual rainy season (typically November to April). The [[floodplain|flood]] dominates the natural environment and the lives, society and culture of the inhabitants and those of other smaller, floodplains throughout the country.

In Eastern Zambia the plateau which extends between the Zambezi and Lake Tanganyika valleys is tilted upwards to the north, and so rises imperceptibly from about {{convert|900|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in the south to {{convert|1200|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in the centre, reaching {{convert|1800|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in the north near Mbala. These plateau areas of northern Zambia have been categorised by the [[World Wildlife Fund]] as a large section of the [[Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands]] [[ecoregion]].

Eastern Zambia shows great diversity. The Luangwa Valley splits the plateau in a curve north east to south west, extended west into the heart of the plateau by the deep valley of the [[Lunsemfwa River]]. Hills and mountains are found by the side of some sections of the valley, notably in its north-east the Nyika Plateau ({{convert|2200|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on the Malawi border, which extend into Zambia as the [[Mafinga Hills]], containing the country's highest point, [[Mafinga Central]] ({{convert|2339|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog |accessdate=16 October 2014 }}</ref>

The Muchinga Mountains, the watershed between the Zambezi and Congo drainage basins, run parallel to the deep valley of the Luangwa River and form a sharp backdrop to its northern edge, although they are almost everywhere below {{convert|1700|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Their culminating peak Mumpu is at the western end and at {{convert|1892|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} is the highest point in Zambia away from the eastern border region. The border of the [[Congo Pedicle]] was drawn around this mountain.

The southernmost headstream of the Congo River rises in Zambia and flows west through its northern area firstly as the [[Chambeshi River|Chambeshi]] and then, after the [[Lake Bangweulu|Bangweulu Swamps]] as the [[Luapula River|Luapula]], which forms part of the border with the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. The Luapula flows south then west before it turns north until it enters [[Lake Mweru]]. The lake's other major tributary is the [[Kalungwishi River]], which flows into it from the east. The [[Luvua River]] drains Lake Mweru, flowing out of the northern end to the [[Lualaba River]] (Upper Congo River).

[[Lake Tanganyika]] is the other major [[hydrography|hydrographic]] feature that belongs to the Congo basin. Its south-eastern end receives water from the [[Kalambo River]], which forms part of Zambia's border with Tanzania. This river has Africa's second highest uninterrupted waterfall, the [[Kalambo Falls]].

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Zambia}}
Zambia is located on the plateau of [[Central Africa]], between 1000–1600 m above sea level. The average altitude of 1200 m generally has a moderate climate. The climate of Zambia is tropical, modified by elevation. In the [[Köppen climate classification]], most of the country is classified as [[humid subtropical]] or [[tropical wet and dry climate|tropical wet and dry]], with small stretches of semi-arid [[steppe climate]] in the south-west and along the [[Zambezi valley]].

There are two main seasons, the [[rainy season]] (November to April) corresponding to summer, and the [[dry season]] (May/June to October/November), corresponding to winter. The dry season is subdivided into the cool dry season (May/June to August), and the hot dry season (September to October/November). The modifying influence of altitude gives the country pleasant [[subtropical]] weather rather than tropical conditions during the cool season of May to August.<ref>Camerapix: "Spectrum Guide to Zambia." Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.</ref> However, average monthly temperatures remain above {{convert|20|°C}} over most of the country for eight or more months of the year.

===Biodiversity===

{{multiple image|caption_align=left|header_align=center
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There are 14 ecosystems in Zambia, classed into Forest, Thicket, Woodland and Grassland vegetation types.

Zambia is endowed with approximately 12,505 species—63% animal species, 33% plant species and 4% bacterial and microorganism species <!--ref></ref-->.

There are an estimated 3,543 species of wild flowering plants, consisting of sedges, herbaceous plants and woody plants <!--ref></ref-->. The [[Northern Province, Zambia|Northern]] and [[North-Western Province, Zambia|North-Western]] parts of the country especially have the highest diversity of flowering plants. Approximately 53% of flowering plants are rate and occur throughout the country.

A total of 242 mammalian species exist, with most endemic ones occupying the woodland and grassland ecosystems. The [[Rhodesian giraffe]] and [[Kafue lechwe|Kafue Lechwe]] are some of the well-known species that are endemic to Zambia.

An estimated 757 bird species are known to exist, of which 600 are either resident or afrotropic migrants; 470 breed in the country; and 100 are non-breding migrants. The [[Chaplin's barbet|Zambian barbet]] is a well-known species endemic to Zambia.

Roughly 490 known fish species, belonging to 24 fish families have been reported in Zambia, with [[Lake Tanganyika]] having the highest diverse and endemic species.

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Zambia}}

{{Historical census population in Zambia}}

Zambia's population in November 2010 was 13,092,666. Zambia is significantly ethnically diverse, with a total of 73 ethnic tribes. During the country's occupation by the British, between 1911 and 1963, the country attracted immigrants from Europe and the Indian subcontinent, the latter whom came specifically as labours. While most Europeans left after the collapse of white minority rule, a fair number of Asians still remain.

In the first recorded census—conducted on 7 May 1911—there were a total of 1,497 Europeans; 39 Asiatics and estimated 820,000 Africans. Black Africans were not counted in all six census exercises—conducted in 1911, 1921, 1931, 1946, 1951, and 1956—prior to independence. By 1956, when the last census prior to independence was conducted, there were 65,277 Europeans; 5,450 Asiatics; 5,450 Coloureds and an estimated 2,100,000 Africans.

In the 2010 population census, 98.2% were Black Africans and the remaining 1.8% consisting of other major racial groups.

Zambia is one of the most highly urbanised countries in [[sub-Saharan Africa]] with 44% of the population concentrated in a few urban areas along the major transport corridors, while rural areas are sparsely populated. The [[fertility rate]] was 6.2 {{As of|2007|lc=y}} (6.1 in 1996, 5.9 in 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm |date= |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref>

===Largest towns===
{{Further|Cities and towns}}

{{Largest cities of Zambia}}

===Ethnic groups===

[[File:Tribal Linguistic map Zambia.jpg|thumb|A tribal and linguistic map of Zambia.]]

The population comprises approximately 73 ethnic groups, most of which are [[Bantu languages|Bantu]]-speaking. Almost 90% of Zambians belong to the nine main ethnolinguistic groups: the [[Chewa people|Nyanja-Chewa]], [[Bemba people|Bemba]], [[Tonga people of Zambia and Zimbabwe|Tonga]], [[Tumbuka people|Tumbuka]], [[BaLunda|Lunda]], [[Balovale|Luvale]], [[Kaonde language|Kaonde]], [[Nkoya]] and [[Lozi people|Lozi]]. In the rural areas, each ethnic group is concentrated in a particular geographic region of the country and many groups are very small and not as well known. However, all the ethnic groups can be found in significant numbers in Lusaka and the Copperbelt.

Expatriates, mostly British or South African, as well as some white Zambian citizens, live mainly in Lusaka and in the Copperbelt in northern Zambia, where they are either employed in mines, financial and related activities or retired. There were 70,000 Europeans in Zambia in 1964, but many have since left the country.<ref name="Zambia"/>

Zambia has a small but economically important Asian population, most of whom are [[Indians in Zambia|Indians]] and [[Chinese people in Zambia|Chinese]]. There are 13,000 Indians in Zambia. An estimated 80,000 Chinese are resident in Zambia.<ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 Zambians wary of "exploitative" Chinese employers]. Irinnews.org. 23 November 2006.</ref> In recent years, several hundred dispossessed white farmers have left [[Zimbabwe]] at the invitation of the Zambian government, to take up farming in the Southern province.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|periodical=The Economist|accessdate=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|accessdate=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]}}</ref>

According to the ''World Refugee Survey 2009'' published by the [[US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants]], Zambia had a population of [[refugee]]s and asylum seekers numbering approximately 88,900. The majority of refugees in the country came from the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] (47,300 refugees from the DRC living in Zambia in 2007), [[Angola]] (27,100; see [[Angolans in Zambia]]), Zimbabwe (5,400) and Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009"/>

Beginning in May 2008, the number of [[Zimbabweans in Zambia]] also began to increase significantly; the influx consisted largely of [[Zimbabweans in South Africa|Zimbabweans formerly living in South Africa]] who were fleeing [[Xenophobia in South Africa#May 2008 pogroms|xenophobic violence there]].<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|accessdate=28 August 2009|periodical=IRIN News|url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648}}</ref> Nearly 60,000 refugees live in camps in Zambia, while 50,000 are mixed in with the local populations. Refugees who wish to work in Zambia must apply for official permits which can cost up to $500 per year.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Further|Religion in Zambia}}

{{Religious affiliation in Zambia}}

Zambia is officially a Christian nation according to the 1996 constitution,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |publisher=Scribd.com |date=30 June 2008 |accessdate=18 December 2012}}</ref> but a wide variety of religious traditions exist. Traditional religious thoughts blend easily with Christian beliefs in many of the country's [[syncretism|syncretic]] churches. About three-fourths of the population is [[Protestant]] while about 20% follow [[Roman Catholicism]]. Christian denominations include Catholicism, [[Anglicanism]], [[Pentecostalism]], [[New Apostolic Church]], [[Lutheranism]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]], [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], [[Branhamites]], and a variety of [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] denominations.

These grew, adjusted and prospered from the original missionary settlements ([[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] and Catholicism in the east from [[Mozambique]]) and Anglicanism (British influences) from the south. Except for some technical positions (e.g. physicians), Western missionary roles have been assumed by native believers. After [[Frederick Chiluba]] (a Pentecostal Christian) became President in 1991, Pentecostal congregations expanded considerably around the country.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book|author=Steel, Matthew |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers|id=MSc Dissertation|publisher=University of Wales|year=2005}}</ref> Zambia has one of the largest percentage of [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist]] per capita in the world, accounting for about 1 in 18 Zambians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Organizational Directory |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org |date=17 October 2012 |accessdate=18 December 2012}}</ref>

One in 11 Zambians is member of the New Apostolic Church.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} With membership above 1,200,000 the Zambia district of the church is the third largest after Congo East and East Africa (Nairobi).{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

The [[Bahá'í Faith|Baha'i]] population of Zambia is over 160,000,<ref name="adherents">{{cite web|url=http://adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html|title=The Largest Baha'i Communities|work=Adherents.com|accessdate=29 October 2007}}</ref> or 1.5% of the population. The William Mmutle Masetlha Foundation run by the Baha'i community is particularly active in areas such as literacy and primary health care. Approximately 1% of the population are [[Islam in Zambia|Muslims]], most of whom live in urban areas and play a large economic role in the country,.<ref>[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148728.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2010 – Zambia]. State.gov. Retrieved on 20 November 2015.</ref> They are about 500 people who belong to the [[Ahmadiyya]] sect .<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=sbElAQAAIAAJ&q&dq|title=Some basics of religious education in Zambia|accessdate=30 March 2014|year=2007}}</ref> There is also a small Jewish community, composed mostly of [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazis]].

===Languages===
{{main|Languages of Zambia}}

{{Dominant regional languages in Zambia}}
{{Major language groups in Zambia}}

The official language of Zambia is [[English language|English]], which is used to conduct official business and is the medium of instruction in schools. The main local language, especially in Lusaka, is [[Nyanja]], followed by [[Bemba language|Bemba]]. In the Copperbelt Bemba is the main language and Nyanja second. [[Bemba language|Bemba]] and [[Nyanja]] are spoken in the urban areas in addition to other indigenous languages which are commonly spoken in Zambia. These include Lozi, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda and Luvale, which feature on the [[ZNBC]]'s local languages section. The total number of languages spoken in Zambia is 73.

The process of urbanisation has had a dramatic effect on some of the indigenous languages, including the assimilation of words from other indigenous languages and English. Urban dwellers sometimes differentiate between urban and rural dialects of the same language by prefixing the rural languages with 'deep'.

Most will thus speak Bemba and Nyanja in the Copperbelt; Nyanja is dominantly spoken in Lusaka and Eastern Zambia. English is used in official communications and is the language of choice at home among&nbsp;– now common&nbsp;– intertribal families. This continuous evolution of languages has led to [[Zambian slang]] which can be heard in daily life throughout Lusaka and other major cities. Portuguese has been introduced into the school curriculum due to the presence of a large Portuguese-speaking Angolan community.<ref>[http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html Zambia to introduce Portuguese into school curriculum]. {{wayback|url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |date=20140201191130 |df=y }}</ref> French is commonly studied in private schools, while some secondary schools have it as an optional subject. A German course has been introduced at the University of Zambia (UNZA).

===Education===
{{Main|Education in Zambia}}

{{Annual Education Expenditure in Zambia}}
[[File:Pupils at St Monicas Girls Secondary School.jpg|thumb|Pupils at the prestigious St Monicas Girls Secondary School in [[Chipata]], [[Eastern Province, Zambia|Eastern Province]]]]

The right to equal and adequate education for all is enshrined within the Zambian constitution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |title=Laws of Zambia |publisher=National Assembly of Zambia |date=1996 |website=National Assembly of Zambia |access-date=27 January 2016}}</ref> The Education Act of 2011 regulates the provision of equal and quality education.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |title=The Education Act (2011)|publisher=National Assembly of Zambia |date=2011 |website=National Assembly of Zambia |access-date=27 January 2016}}</ref> The Ministry of Education effectively oversees the provision of quality education through policy and regulation of the education curriculum.

Fundamentally, the aim of education in Zambia if to promote full and well-rounded development of the physical, intellectual, social, affective, moral and spiritual qualities of all learners. The education system is broadly composed of three core structures: [[Early childhood education]] and [[Primary education|Primary education (Grades 1 - 7)]], [[Secondary education|Secondary education (Grades 8 - 12)]] and [[Tertiary education]]. Additionally, Adult Literacy programmes are available for semi-literate and illiterate individuals.

Government's annual expenditure on education has increased over the years, increasing from 16.1% in 2006 to 20.2% in 2015.

===Health===
{{Further|Health in Zambia}}

The [[Ministry of Health (Zambia)|Ministry of Health (MOH)]] provides information pertaining to Zambian health. In 2010, public expenditure on health was 3.4% of GDP, among the lowest in southern Africa.<ref>[http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_GraphicalDisplay.aspx?ListNames=%27Government%20Consumption%20by%20Type%20%25%20of%20GDP%27&HistFor=False&GrpOp=2&Dim1=%22AFP%20Southern%20Africa%22&Dim2=220&File=0 Forecast provided] by [[International Futures]]. Historic data points from the World Bank.</ref> The 2014 CIA estimated average life expectancy in Zambia was 51.83 years.<ref name=iuonoa>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html |title=CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook Life Expectancy|publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=24 June 2014}}</ref>

====HIV/AIDS epidemic====
{{See also|HIV/AIDS in Zambia}}

Zambia faces a generalised HIV epidemic, with an estimated [[prevalence]] rate of 13.5% among adults (ages 15–49) in 2009.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2155rank.html?countryName=Lesotho&countryCode=LT&regionCode=af#LT CIA world factbook: HIV/AIDS – adult prevalence rate]. Cia.gov. Retrieved on 20 November 2015.</ref> HIV [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] in Zambia has declined by more than 25% from 2001 to 2010, an indication that the epidemic appears to be declining.<ref>{{Cite journal | url=http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/JC2216_WorldAIDSday_report_2011_en.pdf |title=UNAIDS World AIDS Day Report 2011 |publisher=UNAIDS}}</ref>

====Hospitals====
In Zambia, there are [[hospital]]s throughout the country which include: Levy Mwanawasa General Hospital,<ref>{{cite web|author=David Smith in Lusaka |url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/apr/29/china-aid-build-hospital-zambia |title=Chinese hospital heals sore spot in Zambia &#124; Global development |publisher=theguardian.com |date= |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> Chipata General Hospital, Kitwe Central Hospital, Konkola Mine Hospital, Lubwe Mission Hospital, Maacha Hospital, Mtendere Mission Hospital, Mukinge Mission Hospital, Mwandi Mission Hospital, Nchanga North Hospital, Chikankata Salvation Army Hospital, Kalene Mission Hospital,  [http://www.saintfrancishospital.net/ St Francis Hospital], and [http://www.stlukesmissionhospital.org/ St Luke's Mission Hospital].<ref>[http://ukzambians.co.uk/home/2007/09/11/tycoon-powers-hospital-in-a-remote-area-of-north-west-zambia/ Tycoon powers hospital in a remote area of north-west Zambia]. ukzambians.co.uk. 11 September 2007</ref>

The [[University Teaching Hospital]] serves as both a hospital and a training site for future [[Health care provider|health workers]]. There are very few hospitals in rural or remote places in Zambia, where most communities rely on small government-run community health centres and rural health posts.

====Maternal and child health care====

The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Zambia is 470. This is compared with 602.9 in 2008 and 594.2 in 1990. The under-5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births is 145 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 25.<ref name="SOWMY"/>

In Zambia the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 5 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 38.<ref name="SOWMY">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_Zambia_SoWMy_Profile.pdf|title=The State of the World's Midwifery|publisher=United Nations Population Fund|accessdate=August 2011}}</ref> [[Female genital mutilation]] (FGM), while not widespread, is practiced in parts of the country. According to the 2009 ''Zambia Sexual Behaviour Survey'', 0.7% of women have undergone FGM.<ref>[http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/report/Demo/zambia_sexual_behaviour_2009.pdf Zambia Sexual Behaviour Survey 2009]. zamstats.gov.zm</ref> According to [[UNICEF]], 45% of children under five years are [[stunted]].<ref>[http://www.unicef.org/zambia/5109_8461.html Zambia. Nutrition]. UNICEF</ref>

==Economy==

{{Further|Economy of Zambia}}

{{Recent Annual Budget Expenditure in Zambia}}
[[File:Zambia Export Treemap (2014).png|thumb|left|Zambia Export Treemap (2014)]]
[[File:GDP per capita (current), % of world average, 1960-2012; Zimbabwe, South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique.png|thumb|left|GDP per capita (current), compared to neighbouring countries (world average = 100)]]

Presently, Zambia averages between $7 billion and $8 billion of exports annually.<ref>[http://www.theprospectgroup.com/executivefocus/profile/robert-k-sichinga-minister-of-commerce-trade-industry-zambia/8853/ Zambia's Minister of Commerce, Trade, & Industry Robert K Sichinga on the country's economic performance]. Theprospectgroup.com (10 August 2012). Retrieved on 2015-11-20.</ref> About 68% of Zambians live below the recognised national poverty line,<ref name="mdgs1">{{cite web|url=http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=581&crid=894|title=Population below national poverty line, total, percentage|author=Development Indicators Unit, Statistics Division, United Nations|accessdate=30 October 2007}}</ref> with rural poverty rates standing at about 78%<ref name="mdgs2">{{cite web|url=http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=583&crid=894|title=Population below national poverty line, rural, percentage|author=Development Indicators Unit, Statistics Division, United Nations|accessdate=30 October 2007}}</ref> and urban rates at about 53%.<ref name="mdgs3">{{cite web|url=http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=582&crid=894|title=Population below national poverty line, urban, percentage|author=Development Indicators Unit, Statistics Division, United Nations|accessdate=30 October 2007}}</ref> Unemployment and underemployment in urban areas are serious problems. Most rural Zambians are [[subsistence agriculture|subsistence farmers]].

Zambia ranked 117th out of 128 countries on the 2007 [[Global Competitiveness Index]], which looks at factors that affect economic growth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTZAMBIA/Resources/Zambia_Brochure_V_3.pdf|title=Zambia Country Brochure|publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Social indicators continue to decline, particularly in measurements of life expectancy at birth (about 40.9 years) and maternal mortality (830 per 100,000 pregnancies).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. ISBN 978-0-230-54704-9</ref> The country's rate of economic growth cannot support rapid population growth or the strain which HIV/AIDS-related issues place on the economy.

Zambia fell into poverty after international copper prices declined in the 1970s. The socialist regime made up for falling revenue with several abortive attempts at [[International Monetary Fund]] [[structural adjustment]] programmes (SAPs). The policy of not trading through the main supply route and line of rail to the sea&nbsp;– the territory known as Rhodesia (from 1965 to 1979), and now known as Zimbabwe&nbsp;– cost the economy greatly. After the Kaunda regime, (from 1991) successive governments began limited reforms. The economy stagnated until the late 1990s. In 2007 Zambia recorded its ninth consecutive year of economic growth. Inflation was 8.9%, down from 30% in 2000.<ref name="dos2009"/>

Zambia is still dealing with economic reform issues such as the size of the [[public sector]], and improving Zambia's social sector delivery systems.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm|title=Background Note: Zambia|publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Economic regulations and [[red tape]] are extensive, and corruption is widespread. The bureaucratic procedures surrounding the process of obtaining licences encourages the widespread use of facilitation payments.<ref>{{cite web|title=Business Corruption in Zambia|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx|publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal|accessdate=22 April 2014}}</ref> Zambia's total foreign debt exceeded $6 billion when the country qualified for [[Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative]] (HIPC) debt relief in 2000, contingent upon meeting certain [[conditionality|performance criteria]]. Initially, Zambia hoped to reach the HIPC completion point, and benefit from substantial debt forgiveness, in late 2003.

In January 2003, the Zambian government informed the International Monetary Fund and [[World Bank]] that it wished to renegotiate some of the agreed performance criteria calling for privatisation of the Zambia National Commercial Bank and the national telephone and electricity utilities. Although agreements were reached on these issues, subsequent overspending on civil service wages delayed Zambia's final HIPC debt forgiveness from late 2003 to early 2005, at the earliest. In an effort to reach HIPC completion in 2004, the government drafted an austerity budget for 2004, freezing civil service salaries and increasing a number of taxes. The tax hike and public sector wage freeze prohibited salary increases and new hires. This sparked a nationwide strike in February 2004.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 The World Bank and IMF’s long shadow in Zambia’s copper mines]. eurodad.org. 20 February 2008</ref>

The Zambian government is pursuing an economic diversification program to reduce the economy's reliance on the copper industry. This initiative seeks to exploit other components of Zambia's rich resource base by promoting agriculture, tourism, gemstone mining, and hydro-power.

===Mining===
[[File:ZM-Nkana-headgear-Kitwe.jpg|thumb|The major Nkana open copper mine, [[Kitwe]].]]
The Zambian economy has historically been based on the [[copper mining]] industry. Output of copper had fallen to a low of 228,000 metric tons in 1998 after a 30-year decline in output due to lack of investment, low copper prices, and uncertainty over privatisation. In 2002, following privatisation of the industry, copper production rebounded to 337,000 metric tons. Improvements in the world copper market have magnified the effect of this volume increase on revenues and foreign exchange earnings.

In 2003, exports of [[nonmetal]]s increased by 25% and accounted for 38% of all export earnings, previously 35%. The Zambian government has recently been granting licenses to international resource companies to prospect for minerals such as nickel, tin, copper and uranium.<ref name="penny">{{cite web|url=http://www.pennysharesonline.com/News/Articles/735922.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312051637/http://www.pennysharesonline.com/News/Articles/735922.asp|archivedate=12 March 2007|title=Albidon signs agreement with Zambian government|author=Pennysharesonline.com, City Equities Limited|date=14 July 2006|accessdate=30 October 2006}}</ref>
It is hoped that nickel will take over from copper as the country's top metallic export. In 2009, Zambia has been badly hit by the [[Late 2000s recession|world economic crisis]].<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5576766.ece Chinese keep low profile to cash in on the slump in Zambia]. The Times. 24 January 2009.</ref>

===Agriculture===
Agriculture plays a very important part in Zambia's economy providing many more jobs than the mining industry. Private local company [http://www.zambeefplc.com/ Zambeef Products Ltd.] is the leading agri-business in Zambia with over 4.000 employees, producing row crops (5.000 ha irrigated, 1.500 ha non-irrigated), cattle (Zambeef), pork (Master Pork), chicken (ZamChick), eggs (ZamChick Egg), dairy products, leather, fish, feedstock (Novatek) and edible oil (Zamanita). Zambeef operates eight abattoirs, four farms and numerous retail stores (also in co-operation with Shoprite) and a fast-food chain (ZamChick Inn) throughout the country.

===Tourism===
{{Further|Tourism in Zambia}}
[[File:Victoriafälle.jpg|thumb|[[Victoria Falls]] (Mosi-oa-Tunya Falls) a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]]]
[[File:Nalikwanda.jpg|thumb|The [[Kuomboka]] ceremony of the [[Lozi people]]]]

Zambia has some of nature's best wildlife and game reserves affording the country with abundant tourism potential. The [[North Luangwa National Park|North Luangwa]], [[South Luangwa National Park|South Luangwa]] and [[Kafue National Park|Kafue]] National Parks have one of the most prolific animal populations in Africa. The Victoria Falls in the Southern part of the country is a major tourist attraction.

With 73 ethnic groups, there are also a myriad of traditional ceremonies that take place every year.

===Energy===
In 2009, Zambia generated 10.3 [[TWh#Multiples|Twh]] and has been rated high in use of both [[Solar energy|Solar power]] and [[Hydroelectricity]].<ref>[http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf Zambia. Renewable Energy Agency Country Profile]. [[International Renewable Energy Agency]]</ref> However, as of early 2015 Zambia began experiencing a serious energy shortage due to the poor 2014/2015 rain season which resulted in low water levels at the Kariba dam and other major dams.

===Manufacturing===

==Culture==
{{Main|Zambian art}}
[[File:Nsima Relishes.JPG|thumb|''[[Nshima]]'' (top right corner) with three types of [[relish]].]]
Prior to the establishment of modern Zambia, the natives lived in independent tribes, each with their own ways of life. One of the results of the colonial era was the growth of urbanisation. Different ethnic groups started living together in towns and cities, influencing each other as well as adopting a lot of the [[European culture]]. The original cultures have largely survived in the rural areas. In the urban setting there is a continuous integration and evolution of these cultures to produce what is now called "Zambian culture".

[[File:African Art, Yombe sculpture, Louvre.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Yombe people|Yombe]] sculpture, 19th century.]]
Traditional culture is very visible through colourful annual [[Zambian traditional ceremonies]]. Some of the more prominent are: [[Kuomboka]] and [[Kathanga]] (Western Province), [[Kazembe#Mutomboko Festival|Mutomboko]] (Luapula Province), [[Kulamba ceremony|Kulamba]] and [[Ncwala]] (Eastern Province), [[Lwiindi]] and [[Shimunenga]] (Southern Province), [[Lunda Lubanza]] (North Western), [[Likumbi Lyamize]] (North Western), [[Mbunda Lukwakwa]] (North Western Province), [[Chibwela Kumushi]] (Central Province), [[Vinkhakanimba]] (Muchinga Province), [[Ukusefya Pa Ng’wena]] (Northern Province).

Popular traditional arts are mainly in pottery, basketry (such as [[Tonga baskets]]), stools, fabrics, mats, wooden carvings, ivory carvings, wire craft and copper crafts. Most [[Music of Zambia|Zambian traditional music]] is based on drums (and other percussion instruments) with a lot of singing and dancing. In the urban areas foreign genres of music are popular, in particular Congolese [[Soukous|rumba]], African-American music and Jamaican reggae. Several psychedelic rock artists emerged in the 1970s to create a genre known as [[Zam-rock]], including WITCH, Musi-O-Tunya, Rikki Ililonga, Amanaz, the Peace, Chrissy Zebby Tembo, Blackfoot, and the Ngozi Family.

===Media===
{{Main|Media in Zambia|Telecommunications in Zambia}}
The [http://www.statehouse.gov.zm/en/ministry-of-information-and-broadcasting-services-p-o-box-50200-lusaka-zambia-tel-260-211-235410/ Ministry of Information, Broadcasting Services and Tourism In Zambia] is responsible for the [[Zambian News Agency]], while there are also numerous media outlets throughout the country which include; [[television station]]s, [[newspaper]]s, [[FM broadcasting|FM radio stations]], and [[Online journalism|Internet news websites]].

===Sports===
{{See also|Rugby union in Zambia|Zambia Cricket Union}}
Zambia declared its independence on the day of the closing ceremony of the [[1964 Summer Olympics]], thereby becoming the first country ever to have entered an Olympic games as one country, and left it as another. Zambia took part in the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in Beijing.

[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Zambia, and the [[Zambia national football team]] has had its triumphant moments in football history. At the [[Seoul Olympics]] of 1988, the national team defeated the [[Italy national football team|Italian national team]] by a score of 4–0. [[Kalusha Bwalya]], Zambia's most celebrated football player and one of Africa's greatest football players in history had a hat trick in that match. However, to this day, many pundits say the greatest team Zambia has ever assembled was the one that perished on 28 April 1993 in a [[1993 Zambia national football team air disaster|plane crash]] at [[Libreville, Gabon]]. Despite this, in 1996, Zambia was ranked 15th on the official FIFA World Football Team rankings, the highest attained by any southern African team. In 2012, Zambia won the [[African Cup of Nations]] for the first time after losing in the final twice. They beat Côte d'Ivoire 8–7 in a penalty shoot-out in the final, which was played in Libreville, just a few kilometres away from the plane crash 19 years previously.<ref name="Africa Cup">{{cite news|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-sport/zambia-score-emotional-african-cup-win-20120213-1t0fb.html|title=Zambia score emotional African Cup win |work=Sydney Morning Herald |accessdate=11 February 2012|date=13 February 2012}}</ref>

[[Rugby Union]], [[boxing]] and [[cricket]] are also popular sports in Zambia. Notably, at one point in the early 2000s, the [[Australia national rugby union team|Australia]] and [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]] national rugby teams were captained by players born in the same [[Lusaka]] hospital, [[George Gregan]] and [[Corné Krige]]. Zambia boasts having the highest rugby poles in the world, located at Luanshya Sports Complex in [[Luanshya]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

[[Rugby union in Zambia]] is a minor but growing sport. They are currently ranked 73rd by the [[International Rugby Board|IRB]] and have 3,650 registered players and three ''formally organised'' clubs.<ref name=IRB>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110511104518/http://www.irb.com/unions/union=11000028/index.html Zambia]. International Rugby Board</ref> Zambia used to play cricket as part of [[Rhodesia]]. Zambia has also strangely provided a [[shinty]] international, Zambian-born [[Eddie Tembo]] representing Scotland in the [[compromise rules Shinty/Hurling]] game against [[Gaelic Athletic Association|Ireland]] in 2008.<ref>[http://www.inverness-courier.co.uk/Sport/Shinty/Tembos-return-is-boost-for-Glen-9521.htm Tembo's return is boost for Glen]. inverness-courier.co.uk. 15 May 2009</ref>

In 2011, Zambia was due to host the [[2011 All-Africa Games|tenth All-Africa Games]], for which three stadiums were to be built in [[Lusaka]], [[Ndola]], and [[Livingstone, Zambia|Livingstone]].<ref name="games">{{cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200602/22/eng20060222_244775.html|title=Zambia to build three stadia for 2011 All-Africa Games|publisher=People's Daily Online|accessdate=6 November 2007}}</ref> The Lusaka stadium would have a capacity of 70,000 spectators while the other two stadiums would hold 50,000 people each. The government was encouraging the private sector to get involved in the construction of the sports facilities because of a shortage of public funds for the project. Zambia has since revoked its bid to host the 2011 All-Africa Games, citing a lack of funds. Hence, Mozambique took Zambia's place as host.

Zambia also produced the first black African ([[Madalitso Muthiya]]) to play in the [[United States Golf Open]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-05-05/sports/0805040183_1_zambia-frederick-chiluba-nationwide-tour|title=Zambia's Madalitso Muthiya a pioneer|publisher=Chicago Tribune|date=5 May 2008|accessdate=18 September 2013}}</ref> one of the four major golf tournaments.

In 1989, the country's [[Zambia national basketball team|basketball team]] had its best performance when it qualified for the [[FIBA Africa Championship]] and thus finished as one of Africa's top ten teams.<ref>[http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid//sid/2403/tid/0/_/1989_AfroBasket/index.html 1989 African Championship for Men], ARCHIVE.FIBA.COM. Retrieved 16 Dec 2015.</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Zambia}}
{{Chalo Chatu books|Zambia}}
* [[Index of Zambia-related articles]]
* [[List of countries by copper mine production]]
* [[Outline of Zambia]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Burke, Mark, ''Glimmers of Hope : A Memoir of Zambia'', (lulu.com, 2009)
* {{Cite book|authorlink=James Ferguson (Anthropologist)|first=James|last=Ferguson|title=Expectations of Modernity: Myths and Meanings of Urban Life in the Zambian Copperbelt|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|year=1999|isbn=0-520-21701-2}}
* Ihonvbere, Julius, ''Economic Crisis, Civil Society and Democratisation: The Case of Zambia'', (Africa Research & Publications, 1996)
* LaMonica, Christopher, ''Local Government Matters: The Case of Zambia '', (Lambert Academic Publishing, 2010)
* Mcintyre, Charles, ''Zambia (Bradt Travel Guides)'', (Bradt Travel Guides, 2008)
* Murphy, Alan and Luckham, Nana, ''Zambia and Malawi (Lonely Planet Multi Country Guide)'', (Lonely Planet Publications, 2010)
* Phiri, Bizeck Jube, ''A Political History of Zambia: From the Colonial Period to the 3rd Republic'', (Africa Research & Publications, 2005)
* Roberts, Andrew, ''A History of Zambia'', (Heinemann, 1976)
* Sardanis, Andrew, ''Africa: Another Side of the Coin: Northern Rhodesia's Final Years and Zambia's Nationhood'', (I.B.Tauris, 2003)
* Various, ''One Zambia, Many Histories: Towards a History of Post-colonial Zambia'', (Brill, 2008)
* {{Cite journal |authorlink=Kambidima Wotela (Ethnological Demographer)|first=Kambidima|last=Wotela|title=Deriving Ethno-geographical Clusters for Comparing Ethnic Differentials in Zambia|publisher=World Cultures eJournal, 17(2)|location=University of California Irvine|year=2010|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/0j58j1nz?display=all}}
* [http://phys.org/news/2013-03-early-human-fossil-africa-debut.html First early human fossil found in Africa makes debut]

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.statehouse.gov.zm Official government website}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|za|Zambia}}
* [http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx Zambia Corruption Profile] from the [[Business-Anti-Corruption Portal|Business Anti-Corruption Portal]]
* {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Zambia}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14112449 Zambia profile] from the [[BBC News]]
* {{wikiatlas|Zambia}}
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ZM Key Development Forecasts for Zambia] from [[International Futures]]
* [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/ZMB/Year/2011/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Zambia]

{{Zambia topics|state=uncollapsed}}

[[Category:Zambia| ]]