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{{Featured article}} | |||
{{Infobox museum | {{Infobox museum | ||
|name = Livingstone Museum | |name = Livingstone Museum | ||
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|imagesize = 300px | |imagesize = 300px | ||
|caption = Livingstone Museum, Zambia | |caption = Livingstone Museum, Zambia | ||
|pushpin_map = | |pushpin_map = | ||
|map_caption = | |map_caption = | ||
|latitude = | |latitude = | ||
|longitude = | |longitude = | ||
|established = 1934 | |established = 1934 | ||
|dissolved = | |dissolved = | ||
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==History== | ==History== | ||
The Livingstone Museum is the largest and the oldest museum in Zambia, established in the 1934 as the David Livingstone Memorial Museum.<ref name="LivingstoneHolmes1990"/><ref name="Office1958"> | The Livingstone Museum is the largest and the oldest museum in Zambia, established in the 1934 as the David Livingstone Memorial Museum.<ref name="LivingstoneHolmes1990"/><ref name="Office1958">Great Britain. Colonial Office, ''Report on Northern Rhodesia'' http://books.google.com/books?id=cpgSAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=4 July 2011|year=1958|publisher=H.M. Stationery Off.|page=82</ref> In 1948, Captain A.W. Whittington offered to sell the two specimens of a fossilized human femur ("[[Rhodesian man]]") to the Rhodes-Livingstone Museum, but the museum could not afford to make the purchase.<ref name="Ireland1968">{{cite book|title=Man|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=k-orAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=4 July 2011|year=1968|publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland}}</ref><ref name=jstorfemur>{{cite journal|last=Clark|first=J. Desmond|author2=Don R. Brothwell |author3=Rosemary Powers |author4=Kenneth P. Oakley |title=Rhodesian Man: Notes on a New Femur Fragment|year=1968|jstor=2799415 |volume=3 |pages=105–111}}</ref> A new Spanish colonial-style building was opened in 1951. Jock Millar, former mayor of Livingstone, requested that [[Susman Brothers|Harry Susman]] donate a 'four-faced' tower clock to the museum, but before it was unveiled in the museum, Susman died.<ref name="MacmillanD.)2005">{{cite book|last=Macmillan|first=Hugh|title=An African trading empire: the story of Susman Brothers & Wulfsohn, 1901–2005|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KWh2S2d68XoC&pg=PA192|accessdate=4 July 2011|year=2005|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-85043-853-3|page=192}}</ref> | ||
In 1960 the museum recreated villages from five ethnic groups to give visitors a sense of traditional tribal life and to present the "way of life during the bronze and iron age."<ref>{{cite book|title=Official guide to African Craft Village, Rhodes-Livingstone Museum, Livingstone, s. d.|year= 1960|page=3}}</ref> Its original name the Rhodes–Livingstone Museum was changed to Livingstone Museum in 1966.<ref name="LivingstoneHolmes1990">{{cite book|author1=David Livingstone|author2=Timothy Holmes|title=David Livingstone: letters & documents, 1841–1872 : the Zambian collection at the Livingstone Museum, containing a wealth of restored, previously unknown or unpublished texts|url=http://www.google.co.in/search?q=The%20museum%2C%20which%20is%20the%20largest%20and%20oldest%20in%20Zambia%2C%20is%20situated%20in%20the%20centre%20of%20Livingstone%2C%20the%20tourist%20capital%20...%20This%20was%20originally%20named%20the%20Rhodes%E2%80%94%20Livingstone%20Museum%2C%20but%20was%20changed%20to%20the%20simple%20Livingstone%20Museum%20in%201966&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbo=u&tbm=bks&source=og&sa=N&hl=en&tab=wp|page=xiii|accessdate=3 July 2011|year=1990|publisher=Livingstone Museum|isbn=978-0-85255-041-0}}</ref><ref name=Brit>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/344899/Livingstone-Museum|title=Livingstone Museum|accessdate=3 July 2011|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref name=Open>{{Cite web|url=http://www.openafrica.org/participant/Livingstone-Museum|title=Livingstone Museum|accessdate=3 July 2011|publisher=Openafrica.org}}</ref> In 2003 the buildings were renovated with funds from the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artshub.co.uk/uk/news-article/news/visual-arts/european-union-releases-k15bn-for-livingstone-museum-renovations-32008|title=European Union releases K1.5bn for Livingstone Museum renovations |publisher=Artshub.co.uk|accessdate=4 July 2011}}</ref> | In 1960 the museum recreated villages from five ethnic groups to give visitors a sense of traditional tribal life and to present the "way of life during the bronze and iron age."<ref>{{cite book|title=Official guide to African Craft Village, Rhodes-Livingstone Museum, Livingstone, s. d.|year= 1960|page=3}}</ref> Its original name the Rhodes–Livingstone Museum was changed to Livingstone Museum in 1966.<ref name="LivingstoneHolmes1990">{{cite book|author1=David Livingstone|author2=Timothy Holmes|title=David Livingstone: letters & documents, 1841–1872 : the Zambian collection at the Livingstone Museum, containing a wealth of restored, previously unknown or unpublished texts|url=http://www.google.co.in/search?q=The%20museum%2C%20which%20is%20the%20largest%20and%20oldest%20in%20Zambia%2C%20is%20situated%20in%20the%20centre%20of%20Livingstone%2C%20the%20tourist%20capital%20...%20This%20was%20originally%20named%20the%20Rhodes%E2%80%94%20Livingstone%20Museum%2C%20but%20was%20changed%20to%20the%20simple%20Livingstone%20Museum%20in%201966&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbo=u&tbm=bks&source=og&sa=N&hl=en&tab=wp|page=xiii|accessdate=3 July 2011|year=1990|publisher=Livingstone Museum|isbn=978-0-85255-041-0}}</ref><ref name=Brit>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/344899/Livingstone-Museum|title=Livingstone Museum|accessdate=3 July 2011|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref name=Open>{{Cite web|url=http://www.openafrica.org/participant/Livingstone-Museum|title=Livingstone Museum|accessdate=3 July 2011|publisher=Openafrica.org}}</ref> In 2003 the buildings were renovated with funds from the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artshub.co.uk/uk/news-article/news/visual-arts/european-union-releases-k15bn-for-livingstone-museum-renovations-32008|title=European Union releases K1.5bn for Livingstone Museum renovations |publisher=Artshub.co.uk|accessdate=4 July 2011}}</ref> | ||
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==Layout== | ==Layout== | ||
The museum provides an important insight into the national and cultural heritage of Zambia.<ref name="Unesco1982">{{cite book|author=Unesco|title=Museum|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oZHoAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=4 July 2011|year=1982|publisher=UNESCO.}}</ref> An open archaeological site is located next to the museum next to the falls which has unearthed items from the early Stone Age to the present, covering some 250,000 years.<ref name="HolmesWong2008">{{cite book|last1=Holmes|first1=Timothy|last2=Wong|first2=Winnie|title=Zambia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CEXkEMvV8bUC&pg=PA15|accessdate=4 July 2011|date=September 2008|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-3039-1|page=15}}</ref> Experts from the museum, such as Dr. [[J. Desmond Clark]], once director, have provided an important contribution to research in the country.<ref name="Scudder1962">{{cite book|last=Scudder|first=Thayer|title=The ecology of the Gwembe Tonga|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UBoNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PR6|accessdate=4 July 2011|date=1 January 1962|publisher=Manchester University Press ND|isbn=978-0-7190-1276-1|page=6}}</ref> The museum has also provided expertise and support to archaeological expeditions in neighboring [[South Africa]],<ref name="Society1984">{{cite book|title=The South African archaeological bulletin|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aB7TAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=4 July 2011|year=1984|publisher=South African Archaeological Society.}}</ref> | [[File:Livingstone_Museum_view.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial view of the Livingstone Museum]]The museum provides an important insight into the national and cultural heritage of Zambia.<ref name="Unesco1982">{{cite book|author=Unesco|title=Museum|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oZHoAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=4 July 2011|year=1982|publisher=UNESCO.}}</ref> An open archaeological site is located next to the museum next to the falls which has unearthed items from the early Stone Age to the present, covering some 250,000 years.<ref name="HolmesWong2008">{{cite book|last1=Holmes|first1=Timothy|last2=Wong|first2=Winnie|title=Zambia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CEXkEMvV8bUC&pg=PA15|accessdate=4 July 2011|date=September 2008|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-3039-1|page=15}}</ref> Experts from the museum, such as Dr. [[J. Desmond Clark]], once director, have provided an important contribution to research in the country.<ref name="Scudder1962">{{cite book|last=Scudder|first=Thayer|title=The ecology of the Gwembe Tonga|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UBoNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PR6|accessdate=4 July 2011|date=1 January 1962|publisher=Manchester University Press ND|isbn=978-0-7190-1276-1|page=6}}</ref> The museum has also provided expertise and support to archaeological expeditions in neighboring [[South Africa]],<ref name="Society1984">{{cite book|title=The South African archaeological bulletin|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aB7TAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=4 July 2011|year=1984|publisher=South African Archaeological Society.}}</ref> | ||
The museum is laid out in five galleries namely, the Archaeology gallery, the Ethnographic gallery, the History gallery, the Art gallery and Livingstone gallery.<ref name=Brit/><ref name=Open/> They cover topics such as archaeology, ethnography, history and natural history, [[mammalogy]], ornithology, herpetology, entomology, botany and ichthyology. | The museum is laid out in five galleries namely, the Archaeology gallery, the Ethnographic gallery, the History gallery, the Art gallery and Livingstone gallery.<ref name=Brit/><ref name=Open/> They cover topics such as archaeology, ethnography, history and natural history, [[mammalogy]], ornithology, herpetology, entomology, botany and ichthyology. | ||
The Archaeology gallery has exhibits of human evolution and cultural development in Zambia starting with [[Stone Age]] to [[Iron Age]].<ref name=Open/> | The Archaeology gallery has exhibits of human evolution and cultural development in Zambia starting with [[Stone Age]] to [[Iron Age]].<ref name=Open/> | ||
The Ethnography and Art gallery has exhibits of the different cultures of the country. Handicrafts and musical instruments are part of this gallery.<ref name=Open/> | The Ethnography and Art gallery has exhibits of the different cultures of the country. Handicrafts and musical instruments are part of this gallery.<ref name=Open/> | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
[[Category:Museums in Zambia]] | [[Category:Museums in Zambia]] | ||
