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Kenneth Kaunda: Difference between revisions
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'''Kenneth David Kaunda''' (28 April 1924 – 17 June 2021), also known as '''KK''',<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WNBBAQAAIAAJ&q=%22vote+kk%22+%22kaunda%22&dq=%22vote+kk%22+%22kaunda%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3w6rO_-PjAhUHXsAKHSbGAxEQ6AEIMzAC ''The Listener''], Volume 110, British Broadcasting Corporation, 1983, page 13</ref> was a Zambian politician who served as the [[List of Presidents of Zambia|first President]] of [[Zambia]] from 1964 to 1991 | '''Kenneth Buchizya David Kaunda''' (28 April 1924 – 17 June 2021),<ref name=Arnold/> also known as '''KK''',<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WNBBAQAAIAAJ&q=%22vote+kk%22+%22kaunda%22&dq=%22vote+kk%22+%22kaunda%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3w6rO_-PjAhUHXsAKHSbGAxEQ6AEIMzAC ''The Listener''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618111319/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WNBBAQAAIAAJ&q=%22vote+kk%22+%22kaunda%22&dq=%22vote+kk%22+%22kaunda%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3w6rO_-PjAhUHXsAKHSbGAxEQ6AEIMzAC |date=18 June 2021 }}, Volume 110, British Broadcasting Corporation, 1983, page 13</ref> was a Zambian politician who served as the [[List of Presidents of Zambia|first President]] of [[Zambia]] from 1964 to 1991. He was at the forefront of the struggle for independence from [[British Empire|British rule]]. Dissatisfied with [[Harry Nkumbula]]'s leadership of the [[Zambian African National Congress|Northern Rhodesian African National Congress]], he broke away and founded the [[Zambian African National Congress (1958–59)|Zambian African National Congress]], later becoming the head of the [[United National Independence Party]] (UNIP). He was the first President of the independent Zambia. In 1973 following tribal and inter-party violence, all political parties except UNIP were banned through an amendment of the constitution after the signing of the Choma Declaration. At the same time, Kaunda oversaw the acquisition of majority stakes in key foreign-owned companies. The oil crisis of 1973 and a slump in export revenues put Zambia in a state of economic crisis. International pressure forced Kaunda to change the rules that had kept him in power. [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]] elections took place in 1991, in which [[Frederick Chiluba]], the leader of the [[Movement for Multiparty Democracy]], ousted Kaunda. | ||
Kaunda was briefly stripped of Zambian [[citizenship]] in 1999, but the decision was overturned the following year. | Kaunda was briefly stripped of Zambian [[citizenship]] in 1999, but the decision was overturned the following year.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-24|title=How Zambia’s first president had to go to court in 1999 to prove he was not a Malawian|url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/how-zambias-first-president-had-to-go-to-court-in-1999-to-prove-he-was-not-a-malawian|access-date=2021-06-18|website=Face2Face Africa|language=en}}</ref> | ||
==Early life== | ==Early life== | ||
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==Fall from power== | ==Fall from power== | ||
[[File:Kaunda1986.jpg| | [[File:Kaunda1986.jpg|thumb|Kaunda in Amsterdam, 1986]] | ||
Eventually, however, economic troubles and increasing international pressure to bring more democracy to Africa caused Kaunda to totter. While he had been known for his vehement opposition to [[apartheid in South Africa]], his critics were increasingly emboldened to speak out against his authoritarian rule, and also questioned his competence. His close friend [[Julius Nyerere]] had retired as president of Tanzania in 1985 and was quietly encouraging Kaunda to follow suit.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} | Eventually, however, economic troubles and increasing international pressure to bring more democracy to Africa caused Kaunda to totter. While he had been known for his vehement opposition to [[apartheid in South Africa]], his critics were increasingly emboldened to speak out against his authoritarian rule, and also questioned his competence. His close friend [[Julius Nyerere]] had retired as president of Tanzania in 1985 and was quietly encouraging Kaunda to follow suit.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} | ||
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== Illness and death == | == Illness and death == | ||
On 14 June 2021, Kaunda was admitted to Maina Soko Military Hospital in Lusaka to | On 14 June 2021, Kaunda was admitted to Maina Soko Military Hospital in Lusaka to be treated for an undisclosed medical condition. The Zambian government said medics were doing everything they could to make him recover, though it was not clear what his health condition was.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda, 97, taken to hospital |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/former-zambian-president-kenneth-kaunda-97-hospitalised-2021-06-14/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=Reuters |date=14 June 2021 |publisher=Reuters |archive-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614195119/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/former-zambian-president-kenneth-kaunda-97-hospitalised-2021-06-14/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 June 2021 |title=Former Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda, 97, taken to hospital |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/former-zambian-president-kenneth-kaunda-97-hospitalised-2021-06-14/ |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614195119/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/former-zambian-president-kenneth-kaunda-97-hospitalised-2021-06-14/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 15 June 2021, it was revealed that he was being treated for [[pneumonia]], which according to his doctor, had been a recurring problem in his health.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 2021 |title=Zambia's founding president Kaunda, 97, treated for pneumonia |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/zambias-founding-president-kaunda-97-treated-pneumonia-2021-06-15/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615104857/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/zambias-founding-president-kaunda-97-treated-pneumonia-2021-06-15/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 17 June 2021 it was confirmed that he died at the age of 97 after a short illness at Maina Soko Military Hospital. He was survived by 30 grandchildren and eleven great-grandchildren.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ch |first1=Bwalya |last2=a |date=2021-06-17 |title=BREAKING: Zambian 1st President Dr. Kenneth Kaunda has died aged 97 |url=https://zambianews365.com/breaking-zambian-1st-president-dr-kenneth-kaunda-has-died-aged-97/ |access-date=2021-06-17 |website=ZambiaNews365.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-17 |title=Zambian 1st President Dr. Kenneth Kaunda has died aged 97 |url=https://news365.co.za/zambian-1st-president-dr-kenneth-kaunda-has-died-aged-97/ |access-date=2021-06-17 |website=News365.co.za |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="KK">{{Cite web |title=Former Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda dies {{!}} eNCA |url=https://www.enca.com/news/former-zambian-president-kenneth-kaunda-dies |access-date=2021-06-17 |website=www.enca.com |language=en |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618111618/https://www.enca.com/news/former-zambian-president-kenneth-kaunda-dies |url-status=live }}</ref> President [[Edgar Lungu]] announced on his [[Facebook page]] that [[Zambia]] will have 21 days of [[National day of mourning|national mourning]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's first president Kenneth Kaunda dies at age 97 |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/zambia-s-first-president-kenneth-kaunda-dies-at-age-97/ar-AAL9uv4 |access-date=2021-06-17 |website=www.msn.com |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618111626/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/zambia-s-first-president-kenneth-kaunda-dies-at-age-97/ar-AAL9uv4 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[President of Botswana]], Dr [[Mokgweetsi Masisi|Mokgweetsi Eric Keabetswe Masisi]], declared a seven-day mourning period in Botswana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mkondani |first=Yvonne |date=2021-06-17 |title=Botswana declares seven day mourning period in honour of Kaunda |url=https://www.zbcnews.co.zw/botswana-declares-seven-day-mourning-period-in-honour-of-kaunda/ |access-date=2021-06-17 |website=ZBC NEWS |language=en-GB}}</ref> | ||
==Awards and honours== | ==Awards and honours== | ||
