Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland: Difference between revisions

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Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (view source)

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{{distinguish2|the [[Central African Republic]] or [[British Central Africa]]}}
{{Featured article}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox former country
{{EngvarB|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}
{| align="right"
| {{Infobox former country
   |conventional_long_name = Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
   |conventional_long_name = Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
   |common_name = Rhodesia and Nyasaland |native_name =  
   |common_name = Rhodesia and Nyasaland |native_name =  
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   |date_end = 31 December
   |date_end = 31 December
   |p1 = Northern Rhodesia
   |p1 = Northern Rhodesia
  |flag_p1 = Flag of Northern Rhodesia (1939-1953).svg
   |image_flag = Flag of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.png
  |p2 = Southern Rhodesia
  |flag_p2 = Flag of Southern Rhodesia.svg
  |p3 = Nyasaland
  |flag_p3 = Flag of Nyasaland (1919-1964).svg.svg
  |s1 = Northern Rhodesia
  |flag_s1 = Flag of Northern Rhodesia (1939-1953).svg
  |s2 = Southern Rhodesia
  |flag_s2 = Flag of Rhodesia (1964).svg
  |s3 = Nyasaland
  |flag_s3 =Flag of Nyasaland (1919-1964).svg.svg
   |image_flag = Flag of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.svg
   |flag = Flag of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
   |flag = Flag of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
   |image_coat = Central African Federation Coat of Arms.svg
   |image_coat = Coat of arms of the Central African Federation.png
   |symbol = Coat of arms of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
   |symbol = Coat of arms of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
   |image_map = Location Federation Rhodesia and Nyasaland.svg
   |image_map = Location Federation Rhodesia and Nyasaland.png
   |image_map_caption = Location of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland<br/>in Southern Africa.
   |image_map_caption = Location of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland<br/>in Southern Africa.
   |national_motto = Magni Esse Mereamur<br><small>([[Latin]]: Let Us Achieve Greatness)</small>
   |national_motto = Magni Esse Mereamur<br><small>([[Latin]]: Let Us Achieve Greatness)</small>
   |national_anthem = God Save the Queen
   |national_anthem = God Save the Queen
   |capital = [[Harare|Salisbury]]
   |capital = Salisbury (Harare)
   |common_languages = {{ublist |[[English language|English]]&nbsp;{{smaller|(official)}} |[[Shona language|Shona]], [[Northern Ndebele language|Sindebele]], [[Bemba language|Bemba]] and [[Chewa language|Chewa]] widely spoken}}
   |common_languages = {{ublist |[[English language|English]]&nbsp;{{smaller|(official)}} |[[Shona language|Shona]], [[Northern Ndebele language|Sindebele]], [[Bemba language|Bemba]] and [[Chewa language|Chewa]] widely spoken}}
   |title_representative = [[Governor-General of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Governor-General]]
   |title_representative = [[Governor-General of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Governor-General]]
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   |stat_area1 = 1261674  
   |stat_area1 = 1261674  
   |currency = [[Rhodesia and Nyasaland pound]]
   |currency = [[Rhodesia and Nyasaland pound]]
   |today = {{ublist |{{flag|Zambia}}|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}|{{flag|Malawi}}}}
   |today = [[Zambia]]
Zimbabwe
Malawi  
   }}
   }}
|}


The '''Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland''', also known as the '''Central African Federation''' ('''CAF'''), was a semi-independent [[federation]] of three [[southern Africa]]n territories&nbsp;– the [[Self-governing colony|self-governing British colony]] of [[Southern Rhodesia]] and the [[British protectorate]]s of [[Northern Rhodesia]] and [[Nyasaland]]&nbsp;– between 1953 and 1963.
The '''Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland''', also known as the '''Central African Federation''' ('''CAF'''), was a semi-independent [[federation]] of three [[southern Africa]]n territories&nbsp;– the [[Self-governing colony|self-governing British colony]] of [[Southern Rhodesia]] and the [[British protectorate]]s of [[Northern Rhodesia]] and [[Nyasaland]]&nbsp;– between 1953 and 1963.
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[[File:RLIassault1963.PNG|thumb|Troops of the CAF's [[History of the Rhodesian Light Infantry (1961–72)|Rhodesian Light Infantry]] training in 1963]]
[[File:RLIassault1963.PNG|thumb|Troops of the CAF's [[History of the Rhodesian Light Infantry (1961–72)|Rhodesian Light Infantry]] training in 1963]]


African dissent in the CAF grew, and at the same time British Government circles expressed objections to its structure and purpose – full [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] membership leading to independence as a [[dominion]].
African dissent in the CAF grew, and at the same time British Government circles expressed objections to its structure and purpose – full [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] membership leading to independence as a dominion.


In June 1956, Northern Rhodesia's [[Governor of Northern Rhodesia|Governor]], [[Arthur Benson|Sir Arthur Benson]], wrote a highly confidential letter heavily criticising the federation in general (and the new constitution planned for it) and Federal Prime Minister, Sir Roy Welensky, in particular. Nearly two years later, Huggins (now Lord Malvern) somehow obtained a copy of it and disclosed its contents to Welensky.
In June 1956, Northern Rhodesia's [[Governor of Northern Rhodesia|Governor]], [[Arthur Benson|Sir Arthur Benson]], wrote a highly confidential letter heavily criticising the federation in general (and the new constitution planned for it) and Federal Prime Minister, Sir Roy Welensky, in particular. Nearly two years later, Huggins (now Lord Malvern) somehow obtained a copy of it and disclosed its contents to Welensky.
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The issues of this specific row were in the immediate sense resolved quietly with some constitutional amendments, but it is now known that Welensky was seriously considering contingencies for a [[Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia)|Unilateral Declaration of Independence]] (UDI) for the federation, though he ended up opting against it.
The issues of this specific row were in the immediate sense resolved quietly with some constitutional amendments, but it is now known that Welensky was seriously considering contingencies for a [[Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia)|Unilateral Declaration of Independence]] (UDI) for the federation, though he ended up opting against it.


Meanwhile, towards the end of the decade, in the Northern Territories, Africans protested against the white minority rule of CAF. In July 1958 [[Hastings Banda]], the leader of the [[Nyasaland African Congress]] (ANC) (later [[Malawi Congress Party]]), returned from [[Great Britain]] to Nyasaland, while in October the militant [[Kenneth Kaunda]] became the leader of the [[Zambian African National Congress (1958–59)|Zambian African National Congress]] (ZANC), a split from the [[Zambian African National Congress|Northern Rhodesian ANC]]. The increasingly rattled CAF authorities banned ZANC in March 1959, and in June imprisoned Kaunda for nine months. While Kaunda was in [[gaol]], his loyal lieutenant [[Mainza Chona]] worked with other African nationalists to create the [[United National Independence Party]] (UNIP), a successor to ZANC. In early 1959, unrest broke out in Nyasaland, which, according to historian Robert Blake, was "economically the poorest, politically the most advanced and numerically the least Europeanized of the three Territories."
Meanwhile, towards the end of the decade, in the Northern Territories, Africans protested against the white minority rule of CAF. In July 1958 [[Hastings Banda]], the leader of the [[Nyasaland African Congress]] (ANC) (later Malawi Congress Party, returned from Great Britain to Nyasaland, while in October the militant [[Kenneth Kaunda]] became the leader of the [[Zambian African National Congress (1958–59)|Zambian African National Congress]] (ZANC), a split from the [[Zambian African National Congress|Northern Rhodesian ANC]]. The increasingly rattled CAF authorities banned ZANC in March 1959, and in June imprisoned Kaunda for nine months. While Kaunda was in [[gaol]], his loyal lieutenant [[Mainza Chona]] worked with other African nationalists to create the [[United National Independence Party]] (UNIP), a successor to ZANC. In early 1959, unrest broke out in Nyasaland, which, according to historian Robert Blake, was "economically the poorest, politically the most advanced and numerically the least Europeanized of the three Territories."


The CAF government declared a [[state of emergency]]. Dr Banda and the rest of Nyasaland's ANC leadership were arrested and their party outlawed. Southern Rhodesian troops were deployed to bring order. The controversial British Labour MP [[John Stonehouse]] was expelled from Southern Rhodesia shortly before the state of emergency was proclaimed in Nyasaland, which outraged the [[British Labour Party]].
The CAF government declared a state of emergency. Dr Banda and the rest of Nyasaland's ANC leadership were arrested and their party outlawed. Southern Rhodesian troops were deployed to bring order. The controversial British Labour MP [[John Stonehouse]] was expelled from Southern Rhodesia shortly before the state of emergency was proclaimed in Nyasaland, which outraged the [[British Labour Party]].


The affair drew the whole concept of the federation into question and even [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] Macmillan began to express misgivings about its political viability, although economically he felt it was sound. A [[Royal Commission]] to advise Macmillan on the future of the CAF, to be led by [[Walter Monckton, 1st Viscount Monckton of Brenchley|The Viscount Monckton of Brenchley]], [[Queen's Counsel|QC]], the former [[Paymaster General]], was in the works. The [[Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations|Commonwealth Secretary]], [[Alec Douglas-Home, 14th Earl of Home|The Earl of Home]], was sent to prepare Welensky, who was distinctly displeased about the arrival of the Commission.
The affair drew the whole concept of the federation into question and even [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] Macmillan began to express misgivings about its political viability, although economically he felt it was sound. A [[Royal Commission]] to advise Macmillan on the future of the CAF, to be led by [[Walter Monckton, 1st Viscount Monckton of Brenchley|The Viscount Monckton of Brenchley]], [[Queen's Counsel|QC]], the former [[Paymaster General]], was in the works. The [[Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations|Commonwealth Secretary]], [[Alec Douglas-Home, 14th Earl of Home|The Earl of Home]], was sent to prepare Welensky, who was distinctly displeased about the arrival of the Commission.
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The Federation issued its first postage stamps in 1954, all with a portrait of [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]]. See main article at [[Postage stamps of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]. Revenue stamps were also issued, see [[Revenue stamps of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]].
The Federation issued its first postage stamps in 1954, all with a portrait of [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]]. See main article at [[Postage stamps of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]. Revenue stamps were also issued, see [[Revenue stamps of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]].
== See also ==
*[[Governor-General of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]
*[[Prime Minister of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]
*[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland election, 1953]]
*[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland election, 1958]]
*[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland election, 1962]]
*[[Flag of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]
*[[Government of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]
*[[Unilateral Declaration of Independence]]


==Notes==
==Notes==
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*{{cite book|last1=Shutt|first1=Allison K|title=Manners Make A Nation: Racial Etiquette in Southern Rhodesia, 1910-1963|date=2015|publisher=University of Rochester Press|location=Rochester}}
*{{cite book|last1=Shutt|first1=Allison K|title=Manners Make A Nation: Racial Etiquette in Southern Rhodesia, 1910-1963|date=2015|publisher=University of Rochester Press|location=Rochester}}


{{Refend}}
==External links==
==External links==
*Rhodesia and Nyasaland Army http://www.rhodesia.nl/ceremonialparade.pdf
*Rhodesia and Nyasaland Army http://www.rhodesia.nl/ceremonialparade.pdf
*[http://www.rhodesia.me.uk Window on Rhodesia], an archive of the history and life of Rhodesia.
*[http://www.rhodesia.me.uk Window on Rhodesia], an archive of the history and life of Rhodesia.


{{Refend}}


[[Category:History of Zambia|Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of]]
 
[[Category:History of Zambia]]
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