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David Livingstone: Difference between revisions
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|image_size = | |image_size = | ||
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1813|3|19}} | |birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1813|3|19}} | ||
|birth_place = | |birth_place = Blantyre, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, United Kingdom | ||
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1873|5|1|1813|3|19}} | |death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1873|5|1|1813|3|19}} | ||
|death_place = [[Livingstone Memorial|Chief Chitambo's Village]] (in modern-day Zambia) | |death_place = [[Livingstone Memorial|Chief Chitambo's Village]] (in modern-day Zambia) | ||
|death_cause = | |death_cause = Malaria and internal bleeding due to dysentery | ||
|resting_place = | |resting_place = Westminster Abbey, London, England, United Kingdom | ||
|resting_place_coordinates = | |resting_place_coordinates = | ||
|nationality = British | |nationality = British | ||
|known_for = Exploration of Africa | |known_for = Exploration of Africa | ||
|spouse = | |spouse = Mary Livingstone (née Moffat; m. 1845 – 27 April 1862; her death); 6 children | ||
|religion = Christian}} | |religion = Christian | ||
}} | |||
''' David Livingstone''' (19 March 1813 – 1 May 1873) was a Scottish [[Congregational church|Congregationalist]] pioneer medical [[missionary]] with the [[London Missionary Society]] and an [[List of explorers|explorer]] in Africa, one of the most popular national heroes of late{{ndash}}19th-century in [[Victorian era|Victorian]] Britain. He had a mythical status that operated on a number of interconnected levels: protestant missionary martyr, working-class "rags-to-riches" inspirational story, scientific investigator and explorer, imperial reformer, anti-slavery crusader, and advocate of commercial and colonial expansion. | ''' David Livingstone''' (19 March 1813 – 1 May 1873) was a Scottish [[Congregational church|Congregationalist]] pioneer medical [[missionary]] with the [[London Missionary Society]] and an [[List of explorers|explorer]] in Africa, one of the most popular national heroes of late{{ndash}}19th-century in [[Victorian era|Victorian]] Britain. He had a mythical status that operated on a number of interconnected levels: protestant missionary martyr, working-class "rags-to-riches" inspirational story, scientific investigator and explorer, imperial reformer, anti-slavery crusader, and advocate of commercial and colonial expansion. | ||
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==Exploration of southern and central Africa== | ==Exploration of southern and central Africa== | ||
Livingstone was obliged to leave his first mission at Mabotsa in Botswana in 1845 after irreconcilable differences emerged between himself and his fellow missionary, Rogers [sic] Edwards and because the BaKgatla were proving indifferent to the Gospel. He abandoned Chonuane, his next mission in 1847 because of drought and the proximity of the Boers and his desire "to move on to the regions beyond". <ref>{{Cite book|title=Livingstone: Revised and Expanded Edition|last=Jeal|first=Tim|publisher=|year=2013|isbn=|location=|pages=65, 73-4}}</ref> At [[Kolobeng Mission]] Livingstone converted Chief Sechele in 1849 after two years of patient persuasion, but only a few months later Sechele lapsed. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Livingstone's Private Journals 1851-1853|last=Schapera|first=I ed.|publisher=|year=1960|isbn=|location=|pages=304}}</ref> In 1851, when Livingstone finally left Kolobeng, he did not use this failure to explain his departure, although it played an important part in his decision. Just as important had been the three journeys far to the north of Kolobeng which he had undertaken between 1849 and 1851 and which had left him convinced that the best long term chance for successful evangelising was to open up Africa to European traders and missionaries by mapping and navigating its rivers which might then become "Highways" into the interior. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Livingstone: Revised andExpandedEdition|last=Jeal|first=Tim|publisher=|year=2013|isbn=|location=|pages=82, 93, 103-105, 108}}</ref> So Livingstone explored the African interior to the north between 1852 and 1856, mapping almost the entire course of the Zambezi, and was the first European to see the Mosi-oa-Tunya ("the smoke that thunders") waterfall, which he renamed [[Victoria Falls]] after his monarch [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]], and of which he wrote later, ''[[q:David Livingstone|"Scenes so lovely must have been gazed upon by angels in their flight."]]'' (Jeal, p. 149) | Livingstone was obliged to leave his first mission at Mabotsa in Botswana in 1845 after irreconcilable differences emerged between himself and his fellow missionary, Rogers [sic] Edwards and because the BaKgatla were proving indifferent to the Gospel. He abandoned Chonuane, his next mission in 1847 because of drought and the proximity of the Boers and his desire "to move on to the regions beyond". <ref>{{Cite book|title=Livingstone: Revised and Expanded Edition|last=Jeal|first=Tim|publisher=|year=2013|isbn=|location=|pages=65, 73-4}}</ref> At [[Kolobeng Mission]] Livingstone converted Chief Sechele in 1849 after two years of patient persuasion, but only a few months later Sechele lapsed. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Livingstone's Private Journals 1851-1853|last=Schapera|first=I ed.|publisher=|year=1960|isbn=|location=|pages=304}}</ref> In 1851, when Livingstone finally left Kolobeng, he did not use this failure to explain his departure, although it played an important part in his decision. Just as important had been the three journeys far to the north of Kolobeng which he had undertaken between 1849 and 1851 and which had left him convinced that the best long term chance for successful evangelising was to open up Africa to European traders and missionaries by mapping and navigating its rivers which might then become "Highways" into the interior. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Livingstone: Revised andExpandedEdition|last=Jeal|first=Tim|publisher=|year=2013|isbn=|location=|pages=82, 93, 103-105, 108}}</ref> So Livingstone explored the African interior to the north between 1852 and 1856, mapping almost the entire course of the Zambezi, and was the first European to see the Mosi-oa-Tunya ("the smoke that thunders") waterfall, which he renamed [[Victoria Falls]] after his monarch [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]], and of which he wrote later, ''[[q:David Livingstone|"Scenes so lovely must have been gazed upon by angels in their flight."]]'' (Jeal, p. 149) | ||
