Bantu languages: Difference between revisions

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Bantu languages (view source)

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{{featured article}}
{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
|name=Bantu
|name=Bantu
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*Example 4: In Xitsonga, ''hasahasa'' means "chaos". ''Hasa'' does not have a meaning.
*Example 4: In Xitsonga, ''hasahasa'' means "chaos". ''Hasa'' does not have a meaning.
*Example 5: In Shona ''kwenya'' means "scratch", ''Kwenyakwenya'' means "scratch excessively or a lot".
*Example 5: In Shona ''kwenya'' means "scratch", ''Kwenyakwenya'' means "scratch excessively or a lot".
==Notable Bantu languages==
Following are the principal Bantu languages of each country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.org |title=According to Ethnologue |publisher=Ethnologue.org |date= |accessdate=2012-06-29}}</ref> Included are those languages that constitute at least 1% of the population and have at least 10% the number of speakers of the largest Bantu language in the country.
Most languages are best known in English without the class prefix (''Swahili'', ''Tswana'', ''Ndebele''), but are sometimes seen with the (language-specific) prefix (''Kiswahili'', ''Setswana'', ''Sindebele''). In a few cases prefixes are used to distinguish languages with the same root in their name, such as Tshiluba and Kiluba (both ''Luba''), Umbundu and Kimbundu (both ''Mbundu''). The bare (prefixless) form typically does not occur in the language itself, but is the basis for other words based on the ethnicity. So, in the country of Botswana the people are the ''Batswana'', one person is a ''Motswana'', and the language is ''Setswana''; and in Uganda, centred on the kingdom of ''Buganda'', the dominant ethnicity are the ''Baganda'' (sg. ''Muganda''), whose language is ''Luganda''.
{{Col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''Lingua franca'''
*[[Swahili language|Swahili]] (Kiswahili) (350,000; tens of millions as L2)
'''Angola'''
*Umbundu (Umbundu) (4 million)
*Kimbundu (Kimbundu) (3 million)
*Ovambo language (Oshiwambo) (500,000)
*[[Luvale language|Luvale]] (Chiluvale) (500,000)
*[[Chokwe language|Chokwe]] (Chichokwe) (500,000)
'''Botswana'''
*Tswana (Setswana) (1 million)
*Kalanga language (Ikalanga) (150,000)
'''Burundi'''
*Kirundi (8.5 - 10.5 million)
'''Cameroon'''
*Beti language (1.7 million: 900,000 Bulu language, 600,000 Ewondo language, 120,000 Fang language, 60,000 Eton language, 30,000 Bebele)
*Basaa language (230,000)
*Duala language (350,000)
'''Central African Republic'''
*Mbati language (60,000)
'''Democratic Republic of the Congo'''
*Lingala (2 million; 7 million with L2 speakers)
*Luba-Kasai language (Tshiluba) (6.5 million)
*Kituba language (4.5 million), a Bantu creole
*Kongo language (Kikongo) (3.5 million)
*Luba-Katanga language (Kiluba) (1.5+ million)
*Songe language (Lusonge) (1+ million)
'''Equatorial Guinea'''
*Beti language (Fang language) (300,000)
*Bube language (40,000)
'''Gabon'''
*Baka language
*Barama language
*Bekwel language
*Benga language
*Bubi language
*Bwisi language
*Duma language
*Fang language (500,000)
*Kande language
*Kaningi language
*Sake language
*Sangu language
*Seki language
*Sighu language
*Simba language
*Sira language
*Northern Teke language
*Western Teke language
*Tsaangi language
*Tsogo language
*Vili language(3,600)
*Vumbu language
*Wandji language
*Wumbvu language
*Yangho language
*Yasa language
*Nande language (Orundandi) (1 million)
*Tetela language(Otetela) (800,000)
*Yaka language  (Iyaka) (700,000+)
*Shi language (700,000)
*Kongo language (Kiyombe) (670,000)
'''Kenya'''
:''Swahili and English are national languages''
*Gikuyu language (7 million)
*Luhya language (5.4 million)
*Kamba language (4 million)
*Meru language (Kimeru) (2.7 million)
*Gusii language (2 million)
'''Lesotho'''
*Sotho language (Sesotho) (1.8 million)
*Zulu language (Isizulu) (300,000)
'''Malawi'''
*[[Chewa language|Chewa (Nyanja)]] (Chichewa) (7 million)
*[[Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]] (1 million)
*Yao language(1 million)
'''Mozambique'''
*Makhuwa language(3 million; 5.5 million all Makua )
*Tsonga language (Xitsonga) (1.7 million)
*Ndau language (1.6 million)
*Lomwe language (1.5 million)
*Sena language (1.3 million)
*Tswa language (1.2 million)
*Chuwabu language (1.0 million)
*Chopi language (800,000)
*Ronga language (700,000)
*Chewa language (Chichewa) (600,000)
*Yao language (Chiyao) (500,000)
*Nyungwe language (Cinyungwe/Nhungue)(400,000)
*[[Tonga language|Tonga]] (400,000)
*Makonde language (400,000)
{{col-2}}
'''Nigeria'''
*Ejagham language (1,900,000, 60,000)
*Ibibio language 50,000,230,000)
*Efik language  (30,000,350,000)
*Tiv language (13,200,000)
'''Namibia'''
*Ovambo language (1 500,000)
*Herero language (200,000)
'''Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville)'''
*Kituba language (1.2+ million) [a Bantu creole]
*Kongo language (Kikongo) (1.0 million)
*Teke languages (500,000)
*Kongo language (350,000)
*Suundi language (120,000)
*Mboshi language (110,000)
*Lingala (100,000; ? L2 speakers)
'''Rwanda'''
*Kinyarwanda (Kinyarwanda) (10 - 12 million)
'''South Africa'''
*Zulu language (Isizulu) (10 million)
*Xhosa language(Isixhosa) (8 million)
*Sotho language(Sesotho) (4 million)
*Northern Sotho language (Sepedi) (4 million)
*Tswana language (Setswana) (3.5 million)
*Tsonga language (Xitsonga) (2 million)
*Swazi language (Siswati) (1 million)
*Venda language (Tshivenda) (1 million)
*Southern Ndebele language (Isindebele)
'''Swaziland'''
*Swati language (Siswati) (1 million)
'''Tanzania'''
:''Swahili is the national language''
*Sukuma language (5.5 million)
*Gogo language (1.5 million)
*Haya language (Kihaya) (1.3 million)
*Chaga languages (Kichaga) (1.2+ million : 600,000 Mochi, 300,000+ Machame, 300,000+ Vunjo)
*Nyamwezi language (1.0 million)
*Makonde language (1.0 million)
*Ha language (1.0 million)
*Nyakyusa language (800,000)
*Hehe language (800,000)
*Luguru language (700,000)
*Bena language (600,000)
*Shambala language (650,000)
*Turu language (600,000)
'''Uganda'''
*Luganda (Luganda) (7.5 million)
*Nkore language (3.5 million : 2.3 million Nkore-Kiga language , 1.2 million Kiga language (Chiga))
*Soga language (Lusoga) (2 million)
*Masaba language (Lumasaba) (1.1 million)
*Nyoro language-Tooro language (1.1 million)
*Kinyarwanda (Kinyarwanda) (750,000)
*Konjo language  (600,000)
*Gwere language (400,000)
'''Zambia'''
*[[Bemba language|Bemba]] (3.3 million)
*[[Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)|Tonga]] (1.0 million)
*[[Chewa language|Chewa (Nyanja)]] (Chichewa) (800,000)
*[[Lozi language|Lozi]] (Silozi) (600,000)
*[[Lala-Bisa language|Lala-Bisa]] (600,000)
*[[Nsenga language|Nsenga]] (550,000)
*[[Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]] (Chitumbuka) (500,000)
*[[Lunda language|Lunda]] (450,000)
*[[Nyiha language|Nyiha]] (400,000+)
*[[Mambwe-Lungu language|Mambwe-Lungu]] (400,000)
'''Zimbabwe'''
*Shona languages (15.4 million incl. Karanga, Zezuru, Korekore, Ndau, Manyika)
*Northern Ndebele language (2 million)
*[[Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]
*Venda language
*Kalanga language
{{Col-end}}
This list is incomplete; an attempt at a full list of Bantu languages (with various conflations and a puzzlingly diverse nomenclature) was found in ''The Bantu Languages of Africa'', 1959.<ref>Bryan, M.A. (compiled by), ''The Bantu Languages of Africa''. Published for the International African Institute by the Oxford University Press, 1959.</ref>
==Geographic areas==
{{multiple image|align=none
|image1=Niger-Congo map.png
|width1=300
|image2=Nigeria Benin Cameroon languages.png
|width2=310
|footer=Localization of the Niger–Congo languages
}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Bibliography==
*Biddulph, Joseph, ''Bantu Byways''  Pontypridd 2001. ISBN 978-1-897999-30-1.
*{{cite book|last1=Finck|first1=Franz Nikolaus|title=Die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Bantusprachen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ph1WGXroFWoC|accessdate=25 August 2012|year=1908|publisher=Vandenhoek und Ruprecht}}
*[[Malcolm Guthrie|Guthrie, Malcolm]]. 1948. ''The classification of the Bantu languages.'' London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute.
*Guthrie, Malcolm. 1971. ''Comparative Bantu'', Vol 2. Farnborough: Gregg International.
*[[Bernd Heine|Heine, Bernd]]. 1973. Zur genetische Gliederung der Bantu-Sprachen. ''Afrika und Übersee'', 56: 164&ndash;185.
*Maho, Jouni F. 2001. The Bantu area: (towards clearing up) a mess. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090325021837/http://www.african.gu.se/aa/pdfs/aa01040.pdf ''Africa & Asia'', 1:40&ndash;49].
*Maho, Jouni F. 2002. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090325021837/http://www.african.gu.se/maho/downloads/bantulineup.pdf Bantu lineup: comparative overview of three Bantu classifications]. Göteborg University: Department of Oriental and African Languages.
*Nurse, Derek, & Gérard Philippson. 2006. ''The Bantu Languages''.  Routledge.
*Piron, Pascale. 1995. [http://www.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/Volume25.aspx Identification lexicostatistique des groupes Bantoïdes stables.] ''Journal of West African Languages'', 25(2): 3&ndash;39.
*{{cite web |author =Stanford|year=2013 |title=KISWAHILI|url=http://swahililanguage.stanford.edu/|accessdate=2013-06-20 | ref = harv}}
==External links==
*[http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/CBOLD/ Comparative Bantu Online Dictionary] – includes a comprehensive bibliography.
*[http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf Maho 2009]. Guthrie 1948 in detail, with subsequent corrections and corresponding ISO codes
*[http://www.bantu-languages.com/en/ Bantu online resources by Jacky Maniacky], including
**[http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/classes.html List of Bantu noun classes with reconstructed Proto-Bantu prefixes (in French)]
*[http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/history/ehret/kinship/BantuClassification%204-09.pdf Ehret's compilation of classifications by Klieman, Bastin, himself, and others]
*Contini-Morava, Ellen. ''[http://www3.iath.virginia.edu/swahili/ Noun Classification in Swahili]''. 1994.
*[http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/CBOLD/Lgs/LgsbyGN.html List of Bantu language names with synonyms ordered by Guthrie number].
*[http://salanguages.com Introduction to the languages of South Africa]
*[http://www.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/NarrowBantu.aspx Journal of West African Languages: Narrow Bantu]
*[http://www.ugandatravelguide.com/bantu-people.html  Bantu Languages of Uganda]
*[https://ia600405.us.archive.org/20/items/artedalinguadean00dias/artedalinguadean00dias.pdf The art of the language of Angola, author Father Pedro Dias, published in 1697]
[[Category:Synthetic languages]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Bantu languages| ]]
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