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...the [[United Nations]], thirteen Heads of State offered dialogue with the rulers of these Southern African states under the condition that they accept basic ...ing capitalism on the African continent rather than supporting the various socialist movements of that time.{{sfn|Ndlovu|2004|p=617}}

...ed the creation of a [[personality cult]]. He developed a left nationalist-socialist ideology, called Zambian Humanism. This was based on a combination of mid-2 [[File:Zambia123f.jpg|thumb|left|Kaunda visiting [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]] in 1970]]

The rulers of the new black African states were united in wanting to end colonialism i ...] between the government and African nationalist and [[Socialism (Marxism)|socialist]] guerillas. Whereas both Malawi and Zambia developed into authoritarian [[

...prime minister [[Kenneth Kaunda]] became the inaugural president. Kaunda's socialist [[United National Independence Party]] (UNIP) maintained power from 1964 un ...Ltd, 1970, ISBN 0900966386</ref> upon the migration of among others, the [[Rulers of Mbundaland|Ciyengele]].<ref>[http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.htm